made. In November 1953 a cooperative laboratory was set up with the 

 Department of Fish and Game Management of Oregon State University at 

 Corvallis, Oregon. This laboratory was under the direction of Peter 

 Doudoroff for the Biology Section and R.E. Dimick and C.E. Warren for 

 Oregon State University. 



Biological studies at the State of Ohio Fish Hatchery at Newtown were 

 expanded over the years, and a temporary field laboratory was constructed 

 in the late 1950's. Dilution water for toxicity bioassays was secured from 

 the hatchery spring, and some of the hatchery ponds were used for field 

 studies-. Bioassay studies and the facilities at the Newtown field station 

 were expanded under the immediate direction of Donald Mount, who joined the 

 staff of the Biology Section in 1960. Eventually, the building was 

 ..enlarged and the hatchery was secured for the toxicity bioassay studies. 



TREATMENT OF ORGANIC WASTES 



As communities increased in size, the need for sewage treatment and the 

 number of sewage treatment plants increased. Investigations for the 

 improvement of sewage treatment were carried out by state health depart- 

 ments and other state agencies. Rutgers University was one of the leaders 

 in this endeavor. Valuable work was conducted by William Rudolphs and H. 

 Heukelekian. Shortly after the establishment of the U.S. Public Health 

 Service Stream Pollution Investigation Laboratory in Cincinnati, a series 

 of investigations was undertaken that has continued to the present time 

 under different names. The results of basic studies conducted during the 

 1910's, 1920's and 1930's were published under the general title "Studies 

 of Sewage Purification," by Butterfield, Purdy, and Ruchhoft and their 

 small staff. Butterfield, in cooperation with Purdy, demonstrated the role 

 of certain protozoa in keeping bacterial populations active and efficient 

 in the utilization and breakdown of organic materials. Butterfield 

 investigated the die-away of coliforms in polluted waters and pioneered in 

 isolating zoogleal bacteria from activated sludges. He also demonstrated 

 that activated sludges consisting of pure cultures of zoogleal bacteria 

 were capable of rapid and efficient removal of BOD from both synthetic and 

 natural sewage. 



Purdy published papers on the bulking of activated sludges as observed 

 at the Tenafly, New Jersey, sewage treatment plant and the use of chlorine 

 for the correction of sludge bulking in the activated sludge process. 

 James Lackey, who worked at the Cincinnati Laboratory from the 1920's to 

 the 1940's, published a series of papers under the general heading "Biology 

 of Sewage Disposal." He also published numerous papers on the role of 

 protozoa in waste treatment and water purification. 



Chemical studies of the sewage-treatment and natural purification pro- 

 cesses were conducted by Ruchhoft and his staff. They developed analytical 

 methods for the detection and determination of waste materials and for 

 tracing waste streams to their sources in connection with stream surveys. 

 Considerable time was devoted to the development and improvement of the BOD 

 and COD tests and stream-survey methods and tests. In more recent years 



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