personnel engaged in extensive field investigations of the effects of 

 malaria control—oil and paris green larviciding--on aquatic life. During 

 the 1940's bioassays were performed at some universities. Among these the 

 work of Anderson with Daphnia warrants special mention. Of work carried 

 out in state laboratories that of Burdick in New York is outstanding. 



With the introduction of the synthetic organic pesticides in the 

 1940's, there was a nation-wide surge of investigations of the toxicity of 

 these materials to aquatic life. The U.S. Public Health Service and the 

 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service took dominant roles in these studies. At 

 the Technical Development Division, Communicable Disease Center of the U.S. 

 Public Health Service at Savannah, Georgia, I carried out and directed 

 extensive studies of the effects of ground and airplane spraying of DDT for 

 mosquito control on aquatic life. Effects of weekly applications of DDT 

 and other insecticides to water areas at 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 pound per 

 acre were studied. Plankton, surface and benthic invertebrates, 

 terrestrial insects (especially bees), fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, 

 and mammals were studied. Applications of the insecticides were made by 

 hand dusters and sprayers and by airplane dusts, sprays, and thermal 

 aerosals. Results of this 3-year study were summarized in a series of 

 papers in the Public Health Reports of the U.S. Public Health Service. 



As the number of investigators performing bioassays increased, many 

 different procedures, test organisms, dilution waters, and materials were 

 used. This diversity resulted in great difficulty in the comparison and 

 evaluation of the results reported by different investigators. Some 

 uniformity in testing procedures and in the reporting of results was 

 needed. In 1945 Hart, Doudoroff, and Greenbank published a book entitled 

 "The Evaluation of the Toxicity of Industrial Wastes, Chemicals, and Other 

 Substances to Fresh Water Fishes." In it they suggested procedures for 

 care and handling of test animals, preparation of dilution water, bioassay 

 procedures, and uniform methods for the reporting of results so that 

 results of different investigators could be compared and the tests could be 

 repeated. In 1949 Doudoroff, who was then on the staff of the Biology 

 Section of the Environmental Health Center at Cincinnati, invited prominent 

 workers in bioassay investigations to join him as members of a committee to 

 study the various bioassay procedures being used and to select or devise 

 and recommend procedures for bioassays which they considered best for 

 short-term toxicity tests with fishes. Members of this committee were: P. 

 Doudoroff, Chairman; B.G. Anderson; G.E. Burdick; P.S. Galtsoff; W.B. Hart; 

 R. Patrick; E.R. Strong; E.W. Surber; and W.M. Van Horn. The committee met 

 several times in Cincinnati and once in Woods Hole to draw up their 

 recommendations. These were published in 1951 under the title "Bioassay 

 Methods for the Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Industrial Wastes to 

 Fish." This publication and the 1945 book by Hart, Doudoroff, and 

 Greenbank served as guides to those conducting bioassay studies and led to 

 more uniformity in the methods used. 



Doudoroff and his associate, Max Katz, published a succession of papers 

 on bioassay studies and pertinent literature reviews while with the Biology 

 Section during the 1950 ' s and early 1960's. These are listed in the list 



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