INTRODUCTION. 7 



forwards; and if he has wished to arrest it, he has pulled 

 backwards. Therefore, when a man sees his ball travel- 

 ling in a wrong direction, and he intensely wishes it to 

 go in another direction, he cannot avoid, from long habit, 

 unconsciously performing movements which in other 

 cases he has found effectual. 



As an instance of sympathetic movements Gratiolet 

 gives (p. 212) the following case : — " tin jeune chien a 

 oreilles droites, auquel son maitre presente de loin quel- 

 que viande appetissante, fixe avec ardeur ses yeux sur cet 

 objet dont il suit tous les mouvements, et pendant que 

 les yeux regardent, les deux oreilles se portent en avant 

 comme si cet objet pouvait etre entendu." Here, in- 

 stead of speaking of sympathy between the ears and eyes, 

 it appears to me more simple to believe, that as dogs 

 during many generations have, whilst intently looking 

 at any object, pricked their ears in order to perceive any 

 sound; and conversely have looked intently in the direc- 

 tion of a sound to which they may have listened, the 

 movements of these organs have become firmly associ- 

 ated together through long-continued habit. 



Dr. Piderit published in 1859 an essay on Expression, 

 which I have not seen, but in which, as he states, he 

 forestalled Gratiolet in many of his views. In 1867 

 he published his ' AYissenschaftliches Svstem der Mimik 

 und Physiognomik/ It is hardly possible to give in a 

 few sentences a fair notion of his views; perhaps the 

 two following sentences will tell as much as can be 

 briefly told : " the muscular movements of expression 

 are in part related to imaginary objects, and in part to 

 imaginary sensorial impressions. In this proposition 

 lies the key to the comprehension of all expressive mus- 

 cular movements." (s. 25.) Again, " Expressive move- 

 ments manifest themselves chiefly in the numerous and 

 mobile muscles of the face, partly because the nerves 



