8 INTRODUCTION. 



by which they are set into motion originate in the most 

 immediate vicinity of the mind-organ, but partly also 

 because these muscles serve to support the organs of 

 sense." (s. 26.) If Dr. Piderit had studied Sir C. Bell's 

 work, he would probably not have said (s. 101) that vio- 

 lent laughter causes a frown from partaking of the na- 

 ture of pain; or that with infants (s. 103) the tears irri- 

 tate the eyes, and thus excite the contraction of the sur- 

 rounding muscles. Many good remarks are scattered 

 throughout this volume, to which I shall hereafter 

 refer. 



Short discussions on Expression may be found in 

 various works, which need not here be particularised. 

 Mr. Bain, however, in two of his works has treated the 

 subject at some length. He says, 8 " I look upon the 

 expression so-called as part and parcel of the feeling. 

 I believe it to be a general law of the mind that, along 

 with the fact of inward feeling or consciousness, there 

 is a diffusive action or excitement over the bodily mem- 

 bers." In another place he adds, " A very considerable 

 number of the facts may be brought under the following 

 principle: namely, that states of pleasure are connected 

 with an increase, and states of pain with an abatement, 

 of some, or all, of the vital functions." But the above 

 law of the diffusive action of feelings seems too general 

 to throw much light on special expressions. 



Mr. Herbert Spencer, in treating of the Feelings in 

 his ' Principles of Psychology ' (1855), makes the fol- 

 lowing remarks: — " Fear, when strong, expresses itself 

 in cries, in efforts to hide or escape, in palpitations and 

 tremblings; and these are just the manifestations that 



8 ' The Senses and the Intellect,' 2nd edit. 1864, pp. 96 

 and 288. The preface to the first edition of this work is 

 dated June, 1855. See also the 2nd edition of Mr. Bain's 

 work on the ' Emotions and Will.' 



