INTRODUCTION. 11 



in the dog be explained by acts of volition or necessary 

 instincts, any more than the beaming eyes and smiling 

 cheeks of a man when he meets an old friend. If Sir 

 C. Bell had been questioned about the expression of 

 affection in the dog, he would no doubt have answered 

 that this animal had been created with special instincts, 

 adapting him for association with man, and that all 

 further enquiry on the subject was superfluous. 



Although Gratiolet emphatically denies 15 that any 

 muscle has been developed solely for the sake of ex- 

 pression, he seems never to have reflected on the prin- 

 ciple of evolution. He apparently looks at each species 

 as a separate creation. So it is with the other writers 

 on Expression. For instance, Dr. Duchenne, after 

 speaking of the movements of the limbs, refers to those 

 which give expression to the face, and remarks: 16 " Le 

 createur n'a done pas eu a se preoccuper ici des besoins 

 de la mecanique ; il a pn, selon sa sagesse, ou — que Ton 

 me pardonne cette maniere de parler — par une divine 

 fantaisie, mettre en action tel ou tel muscle, un seul ou 

 plusieurs muscles a la fois, lorsqu'il a voulu que les signes 

 caracteristiques des passions, meme les plus fugaces, fus- 

 sent ecrits passagerement sur la face de l'homme. Ce 

 langage de la physionomie une fois cree, il lui a suffi, 

 pour le rendre universel et immuable, de donner a tout 

 etre humain la faculte instinctive d'exprimer toujours 

 ses sentiments par la contraction des memes muscles." 



Many writers consider the whole subject of Expres- 

 sion as inexplicable. Thus the illustrious physiologist 

 Muller, says, 17 " The completely different expression of 



15 < 



16 ( 



Be la Physionomie,' pp. 12, 73. 



' Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Svo edit. 

 p. 31. 



17 ' Elements of Physiologv,' English translation, vol. 

 ii. p. 934. 



