INTRODUCTION. 21 



two long letters with admirable and detailed observa- 

 tions on their expression. He likewise observed the 

 Chinese immigrants in the Malay archipelago. 



The well-known naturalist, H. M. Consul, Mr. Swin- 

 hoe, also observed for me the Chinese in their native 

 country; and he made inquiries from others whom he 

 could trust. 



In India Mr. H. Erskine, whilst residing in his official 

 capacity in the Admednugur District in the Bombay 

 Presidency, attended to the expression of the inhabitants, 

 but found much difficulty in arriving at any safe con- 

 clusions, owing to their habitual concealment of all 

 emotions in the presence of Europeans. He also ob- 

 tained information for me from Mr. West, the Judge 

 in Canara, and he consulted some intelligent native 

 gentlemen on certain points. In Calcutta Mr. J. Scott, 

 curator of the Botanic Gardens, carefully observed the 

 various tribes of men therein employed during a con- 

 siderable period, and no one has sent me such full and 

 valuable details. The habit of accurate observation, 

 gained by his botanical studies, has been brought to 

 bear on our present subject. For Ceylon I am much 

 indebted to the Bev. S. 0. Glenie for answers to some 

 of my queries. 



Turning to Africa, I have been unfortunate with 

 respect to the negroes, though Mr. Winwood Beade 

 aided me as far as lay in his power. It would have been 

 comparatively easy to have obtained information in 

 regard to the negro slaves in America; but as they have 

 long associated with white men, such observations would 

 have possessed little value. In the southern parts of 

 the continent Mrs. Barber observed the Kafirs and 

 Fin^oes, and sent me many distinct answers. Mr. J. P. 

 Mansel "Weale also made some observations on the na- 

 tives, and procured for me a curious document, namely, 



