INTRODUCTION. 23 



figures, but the names are given of only the more im- 

 portant ones to which I shall have to allude. The facial 

 muscles blend much together, and, as I am informed, 

 hardly appear on a dissected face so distinct as they are 

 here represented. Some writers consider that these 

 muscles consist of nineteen pairs, with one unpaired; 20 

 but others make the number much larger, amounting 

 even to fifty-five, according to Moreau. They are, as is 

 admitted by everyone who has written on the subject, 

 very variable in structure; and Moreau remarks that 

 they are hardly alike in half-a-dozen subjects. 21 They 

 are also variable in function. Thus the power of un- 

 covering the canine tooth on one side differs much in 

 different persons. The power of raising the wings of 

 the nostrils is also, according to Dr. Piderit, 22 variable 

 in a remarkable degree; and other such cases could be 

 given. 



Finally, I must have the pleasure of expressing my 

 obligations to Mr. Eejlander for the trouble which he 

 has taken in photographing for me various expressions 

 and gestures. I am also indebted to Herr Kindermann, 

 of Hamburg, for the loan of some excellent negatives of 

 crying infants; and to Dr. Wallich for a charming one 

 of a smiling girl. I have already expressed my obliga- 

 tions to Dr. Duchenne for generously permitting me to 

 have some of his large photographs copied and reduced. 

 All these photographs have been printed by the Helio- 

 type process, and the accuracy of the copy is thus guar- 

 anteed. These plates are referred to by Eoman numerals. 



I am also greatly indebted to Mr. T. W. Wood for 



20 Mr. Partridge in Todd's ' Cj'clopsedia of Anatomy and 

 Phvsiologw,' vol. ii. p. 227. 



21 ' La Physionomie,' par G. Lavater, torn. iv. 1820, p. 

 274. On the number of the facial muscles, see vol. iv. pp. 

 209--211. 



22 ' Mimik und Phvsiognomik,' 1867, s. 91. 



