Chap. IV. IX ANIMALS. 85 



call to each other when separated, and evidently feel 

 much joy at meeting; as we see with a horse, on the re- 

 turn of his companion, for whom he has been neighing. 

 The mother calls incessantly for her lost young ones; for 

 instance, a cow for her calf; and the young of many ani- 

 mals call for their mothers. When a flock of sheep is 

 scattered, the ewes bleat incessantly for their lambs, and 

 their mutual pleasure at coming together is manifest. 

 "Woe betide the man who meddles with the voun£ of the 

 larger and fiercer quadrupeds, if they hear the cry of 

 distress from their young. Rage leads to the violent 

 exertion of all the muscles, including those of the voice; 

 and some animals, when enraged, endeavour to strike 

 terror into their enemies by its power and harshness, as 

 the lion does by roaring, and the dog by growling. I 

 infer that their object is to strike terror, because the lion 

 at the same time erects the hair of its mane, and the dog 

 the hair along its back, and thus they make themselves 

 appear as large and terrible as possible. Rival males 

 try to excel and challenge each other by their voices, 

 and this leads to deadly contests. Thus the use of the 

 voice will have become associated with the emotion of 

 anger, however it may be aroused. We have also seen 

 that intense pain, like rage, leads to violent outcries, and 

 the exertion of screaming by itself gives some relief; 

 and thus the use of the voice will have become associ- 

 ated with suffering of any kind. 



The cause of widely different sounds being uttered 

 under different emotions and sensations is a verv ob- 

 seure subject. Nor does the rule always hold good that 

 there is any marked difference. For instance with the 

 dog, the bark of anger and that of joy do not differ much, 

 though they can be distinguished. It is not probable 

 that any precise explanation of the cause or source of 

 each particular sound, under different states of the mind, 



