Chap. IV. IN ANIMALS. 95 



brate classes. These appendages are erected under the 

 excitement of anger or terror; more especially when 

 these emotions are combined, or quickly succeed each 

 other. The action serves to make the animal appear 

 larger and more frightful to its enemies or rivals, and 

 is generally accompanied by various voluntary move- 

 ments adapted for the same purpose, and by the utter- 

 ance of savage sounds. Mr. Bartlett, who has had such 

 wide experience with animals of all kinds, does not doubt 

 that this is the case; but it is a different question whether 

 the power of erection was primarily acquired for this spe- 

 cial purpose. 



I will first give a considerable body of facts showing 

 how general this action is with mammals, birds and rep- 

 tiles; retaining what I have to say in regard to man for 

 a future chapter. Mr. Sutton, the intelligent keeper 

 in the Zoological Gardens, carefully observed for me 

 the Chimpanzee and Orang; and he states that when 

 they are suddenly frightened, as by a thunderstorm, or 

 when they are made angry, as by being teased, their 

 hair becomes erect. I saw a chimpanzee who was alarmed 

 at the sight of a black coalheaver, and the hair rose all 

 over his body; he made little starts forward as if to at- 

 tack the man, without any real intention of doing so, 

 but with the hope, as the keeper remarked, of frighten- 

 ing him. The Gorilla, when enraged, is described by Mr. 

 Ford 9 as having his crest of hair " erect and projecting 

 forward, his nostrils dilated, and his under lip thrown 

 down; at the same time uttering his characteristic yell, 

 designed, it would seem, to terrify his antagonists." I 

 saw the hair on the Anubis baboon, when angered bris- 

 tling along the back, from the neck to the loins, but not 



9 As quoted in Huxley's ' Evidence as to Man's Place 

 in Nature,' 1863, p. 52, 



