96 MEANS OF EXPRESSION Chap. IV. 



on the rump or other parts of the body. I took a stuffed 

 snake into the monkey-house, and the hair on several 

 of the species instantly became erect; especially on their 

 tails, as I particularly noticed with the Cercopithecus 

 nictitans. Brehm states 10 that the Midas osdipus (be- 

 longing to the American division) when excited erects 

 its mane, in order, as he adds, to make itself as frightful 

 as possible. 



With the Carnivora the erection of the hair seems to 

 be almost universal, often accompanied by threatening 

 movements, the uncovering of the teeth and the utter- 

 ance of savage growls. In the Herpestes, I have seen 

 the hair on end over nearly the whole body, including 

 the tail; and the dorsal crest is erected in a conspicu- 

 ous manner by the Hyaena and Proteles. The enraged 

 lion erects his mane. The bristling of the hair along 

 the neck and back of the dog, and over the whole body 

 of the cat, especially on the tail, is familiar to every one. 

 With the cat it apparently occurs only under fear; with 

 the dog, under anger and fear; but not, as far as I have 

 observed, under abject fear, as when a dog is going to be 

 flogged by a severe gamekeeper. If, however, the dog 

 shows fight, as sometimes happens, up goes his hair. 

 I have often noticed that the hair of a dog is particu- 

 larly liable to rise, if he is half angry and half afraid, 

 as on beholding some object only indistinctly seen in 

 the dusk. 



I have been assured by a veterinary surgeon that he 

 has often seen the hair erected on horses and cattle, on 

 which he had operated and was again going to operate. 

 When I showed a stuffed snake to a Peccary, the hair 

 rose in a wonderful manner along its back; and so it 

 does with the boar when enraged. An Elk which gored 



10 Illust, Thierleben, 1864, B. i. s. 130. 



