114 MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS. Chap. IV. 



have moveable ears, and which fight with their teeth — 

 for instance the Cercopithecus ruber — draw back their 

 ears when irritated just like dogs; and they then have 

 a very spiteful appearance. Other kinds, as the Inuus 

 ecaudatus, apparently do not thus act. Again, other 

 kinds — and this is a great anomaly in comparison with 

 most other animals — retract their ears, show their teeth, 

 and jabber, when they are pleased by being caressed. 

 I observed this in two or three species of Macacus, and 

 in the Cynopitliecus niger. This expression, owing to 

 our familiarity with dogs, would never be recognized 

 as one of joy or pleasure by those unacquainted with 

 monkeys. 



Erection of the Ears. — This movement requires hard- 

 ly any notice. All animals which have the power of 

 freely moving their ears, when they are startled, or when 

 they closely observe any object, direct their ears to the 

 point towards which they are looking, in order to hear 

 any sound from this quarter. At the same time they 

 generally raise their heads, as all their organs of sense 

 are there situated, and some of the smaller animals rise 

 on their hind-legs. Even those kinds which squat on 

 the ground or instantly flee away to avoid danger, gen- 

 erally act momentarily in this manner, in order to ascer- 

 tain the source and nature of the danger. The head 

 being raised, with erected ears and eyes directed for- 

 wards, gives an unmistakable expression of close atten- 

 tion to any animal. 



