Chap. V. DOGS. 121 



the breed: greyhounds rarely bark, whilst the Spitz-dog 

 barks so incessantly on starting for a walk with his mas- 

 ter that he becomes a nuisance. 



An agony of pain is expressed by dogs in nearly the 

 same way as by many other animals, namely, by howl- 

 ing, writhing, and contortions of the whole body. 



Attention is shown by the head being raised, with 

 the ears erected, and eyes intently directed towards the 

 object or quarter under observation. If it be a sound 

 and the source is not known, the head is often turned 

 obliquely from side to side in a most significant manner, 

 apparently in order to judge with more exactness from 

 what point the sound proceeds. But I have seen a dog 

 greatly surprised at a new noise, turning his head to one 

 side through habit, though he clearly perceived the 

 source of the noise. Dogs, as formerly remarked, when 

 their attention is in any way aroused, whilst watching 

 some object, or attending to some sound, often lift up 

 one paw (fig. 4) and keep it doubled up, as if to make 

 a slow and stealthy approach. 



A dog under extreme terror will throw himself down, 

 howl, and void his excretions; but the hair, I believe, 

 does not become erect unless some anger is felt. I have 

 seen a dog much terrified at a band of musicians who 

 were playing loudly outside the house, with every mus- 

 cle of his body trembling, with his heart palpitating so 

 quickly that the beats could hardly be counted, and pant- 

 ing for breath with widely open mouth, in the same 

 manner as a terrified man does. Yet this dog had not 

 exerted himself; he had only wandered slowly and rest- 

 lesslv about the room, and the dav was cold. 



Even a very slight degree of fear is invariably shown 

 by the tail being tucked in between the legs. This tuck- 

 ing in of the tail is accompanied by the ears being drawn 

 backwards; but they are not pressed closely to the head, 

 9 



