148 EXPRESSION OF SUFFERING: Chap. VI. 



with as much force as possible. The reader who is un- 

 acquainted with the anatomy of the face, ought to refer 

 to p. 24, and look at the woodcuts 1 to 3. The corru- 

 gators of the brow (corrugator siipercilii) seem to be the 

 first muscles to contract; and these draw the eyebrows 

 downwards and inwards towards the base of the nose, 

 causing vertical furrows, that is a frown, to appear be- 

 tween the eyebrows; at the same time they cause the 

 disappearance of the transverse wrinkles across the fore- 

 head. The orbicular muscles contract almost simultane- 

 ously with the corrugators, and produce wrinkles all 

 round the eyes; they appear, however, to be enabled to 

 contract with greater force, as soon as the contraction of 

 the corrugators has given them some support. Lastly, 

 the p} T ramidal muscles of the nose contract; and these 

 draw the evebrows and the skin of the forehead still 

 lower down, producing short transverse wrinkles across 

 the base of the nose. 2 For the sake of brevity these mus- 

 cles will generally be spoken of as the orbiculars, or as 

 those surrounding the eyes. 



When these muscles are strongly contracted, those 

 running to the upper lip 3 likewise 'contract and raise 

 the upper lip. This might have been expected from 

 the manner in which at least one of them, the malar is , 



2 Henle (' Handbuch d. Syst. Anat. 1858, B. i. s. 139) 

 agrees with Duchenne that this is the effect of the con- 

 traction of the pyramidalis nasi. 



3 These consist of the levator labii superioris alceque nasi, 

 the levator labii proprius, the malaris, and the zijgomatieus 

 minor, or little zygomatic. This latter muscle runs parallel 

 to and above the great zygomatic, and is attached to the 

 outer part of the upper lip. It is represented in fig. 2 

 (I. p. 24), but not in figs. 1 and 3. Dr. Duchenne first 

 showed (' Meeanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Al- 

 bum, 1862, p. 39) the importance of the contraction of 

 this muscle in the shape assumed by the features in cry- 

 ing. Henle considers the above-named muscles (except- 

 ing the malaris) as subdivisions of the quadratits labii 

 superioris. 



