Chap. VI. WEEPING. 149 



is connected with the orbiculars. Any one who will 

 gradually contract the muscles round his eyes, will feel, 

 as he increases the force, that his upper lip and the 

 wings of his nose (which are partly acted on by one of 

 the same muscles) are almost always a little drawn up. 

 If he keeps his mouth firmly shut whilst contracting 

 the muscles round the eyes, and then suddenly relaxes 

 his lips, he will feel that the pressure on his eyes im- 

 mediately increases. So again when a person on a bright, 

 glaring day wishes to look at a distant object, but is 

 compelled partially to close his eyelids, the upper lip 

 may almost always be observed to be somewhat raised. 

 The mouths of some very short-sighted persons, who 

 are forced habitually to reduce the aperture of their 

 eyes, wear from this same reason a grinning expression. 

 The raising of the upper lip draws upwards the flesh 

 of the upper parts of the cheeks, and produces a strongly 

 marked fold on each cheek, — the naso-iabial fold, — 

 which runs from near the wings of the nostrils to the 

 corners of the mouth and below them. This fold or fur- 

 row may be seen in all the photographs, and is very 

 characteristic of the expression of a crying child; though 

 a nearly similar fold is produced in the act of laughing 

 or smiling. 4 



4 Although Dr. Duchenne has so carefully studied the 

 contraction of the different muscles during" the act of 

 crying-, and the furrows on the face thus produced, there 

 seems to be something incomplete in his account: but 

 what this is I cannot say. He has given a figure (Album, 

 fig-. 48) in which one half of the face is made, by gal- 

 vanizing- the proper muscles, to smile; whilst the other 

 half is similarly made to begin crying-. Almost all those 

 (viz. nineteen out of twenty-one persons) to whom I 

 showed the smiling- half of the face instantly recognized 

 the expression: but, with respect to the other half, only 

 six persons out of twenty-one recognized it, — that is, if 

 we accept such terms as " grief," " misery," " annoy- 

 ance," as correct; — whereas, fifteen persons were ludi- 

 crously mistaken; some of them saying- the face ex- 



