Chap. VII. OBLIQUE EYEBROWS. 179 



depends, I believe, on the inner end alone of the eye- 

 brows being raised; for when the whole eyebrow is ele- 

 vated and arched, the upper eyelid follows in a slight 

 degree the same movement. 



But the most conspicuous result of the opposed con- 

 traction of the above-named muscles, is exhibited by the 

 peculiar furrows formed on the forehead. These mus- 

 cles, when thus in conjoint yet opposed action, may be 

 called, for the sake of brevity, the grief-muscles. When 

 a person elevates his eyebrows by the contraction of the 

 whole frontal muscle, transverse wrinkles extend across 

 the whole breadth of the forehead; but in the present 

 case the middle fasciae alone are contracted; consequent- 

 ly, transverse furrows are formed across the middle part 

 alone of the forehead. The skin over the exterior parts 

 of both evebrows is at the same time drawn downwards 

 and smooth, by the contraction of the outer portions of 

 the orbicular muscles. The eyebrows are likewise 

 brought together through the simultaneous contraction 

 of the corrugators; 3 and this latter action generates 



3 In the foregoing" remarks on the manner in which 

 the eyebrows are made oblique, I have followed what 

 seems to be the universal opinion of all the anatomists, 

 whose works I have consulted on the action of the above- 

 named muscles, or with whom I have conversed. Hence 

 throughout this work I shall take a similar view of the 

 action of the corrugator supercilii, orbicularis, pyramidalis 

 nasi, and frontalis muscles. Dr. Duchenne, however, be- 

 lieves, and every conclusion at which he arrives deserves 

 serious consideration, that it is the corrugator, called by 

 him the sourcilier, which raises the inner corner of the 

 eyebrows and is antagonistic to the upper and inner 

 part of the orbicular muscle, as well as to the pyramidalis 

 nasi (see Mecanisme de la Phys. Humaine, 1862, folio, art. 

 v., text and figures 19 to 29: octavo edit. 1862, p. 43 text). 

 He admits, however, that the corrugator draws together 

 the eyebrows, causing vertical furrows above the base of 

 the nose, or a frown. He further believes that towards 

 the outer two-thirds of the eyebrow the corrugator acts 

 in conjunction with the upper orbicular muscle; both 

 here standing in antagonism to the frontal muscle. I 



