180 EXPRESSION OF GRIEF: Chap. VII. 



vertical furrows, separating the exterior and lowered 

 part of the skin of the forehead from the central and 

 raised part. The union of these vertical furrows with 

 the central and transverse furrows (see figs. 2 and 3) 

 produces a mark on the forehead which has been com- 

 pared to a horse-shoe; but the furrows more strictly 

 form three sides of a quadrangle. They are often con- 

 spicuous on the foreheads of adult or nearly adult per- 

 sons, when their eyebrows are made oblique; but with 

 young children, owing to their skin not easily wrinkling, 

 they are rarely seen, or mere traces of them can be de- 

 tected. 



These peculiar furrows are best represented in fig. 3, 

 Plate II., on the forehead of a young lady who has the 

 power in an unusual degree of voluntarily acting on the 

 requisite muscles. As she' was absorbed in the attempt, 

 whilst being photographed, her expression was not at 

 all one of grief; I have therefore given the forehead 

 alone. Fig. 1 on the same plate, copied from Dr. Du- 

 chenne's work, 4 represents, on a reduced scale, the face, 

 in its natural state, of a young man who was a good 

 actor. In fig. 2 he is shown simulating grief, but the 



am unable to understand, judging from Henle's drawings 

 (woodcut, fig. 3), how the corrugator can act in the man- 

 ner described by Duchenne. See, also, on this subject, 

 Prof. Donders' remarks in the ' Archives of Medicine,' 

 1870, vol. v. p. 34. Mr. J. Wood, who is so well known 

 for his careful study of the muscles of the human frame, 

 informs me that he believes the account which I have 

 given of the action of the corrugator to be correct. But 

 this is not a point of any importance with respect to 

 the expression which is caused by the obliquity of the 

 eyebrows, nor of much importance to the theory of its 

 origin. 



4 I am greatly indebted to Dr. Duchenne for permission 

 to have these two photographs (figs. 1 and 2) reproduced 

 by the heliotype process from his work in folio. Many 

 of the foregoing remarks on the furrowing of the skin, 

 when the ej^ebrows are rendered oblique, are taken from 

 his excellent discussion on this subject. 



