Chap. VIII. EXPRESSION OF LOVE, ETC. 213 



love, for instance that of a mother for her infant, is one 

 of the strongest of which the mind is capable, it can 

 hardly be said to have any proper or peculiar means of 

 expression; and this is intelligible, as it has not habit- 

 ually led to any special line of action. Xo doubt, as 

 affection is a pleasurable sensation, it generally causes a 

 gentle smile and some brightening of the eyes. A 

 strong desire to touch the beloved person is commonly 

 felt; and love is expressed by this means more plainly 

 than by any other. 21 Hence we long to clasp in our 

 arms those whom we tenderly love. We probably owe 

 this desire to inherited habit, in association with the 

 nursing and tending of our children, and with the mu- 

 tual caresses of lovers. 



With the lower animals we see the same principle of 

 pleasure derived from contact in association with love. 

 Dogs and cats manifestly take pleasure in rubbing against 

 their masters and mistresses, and in being rubbed or 

 patted by them. Many kinds of monkeys, as I am as- 

 sured by the keepers in the Zoological Gardens, delight 

 in fondling and being fondled by each other, and by 

 persons to whom they are attached. Mr. Bartlett has 

 described to me the behaviour of two chimpanzees, rather 

 older animals than those generally imported into this 

 country, when they were first brought together. They 

 sat opposite, touching each other with their much pro- 

 truded lips; and the one put his hand on the shoulder of 

 the other. They then mutually folded each other in 

 their arms. Afterwards they stood up, each with one 

 arm on the shoulder of the other, lifted up their heads, 

 opened their mouths, and yelled with delight. 



21 Mr. Bain remarks (' Mental and Moral Science,' 1868, 

 p. 239), "Tenderness is a pleasurable emotion, variously 

 stimulated, whose effort is to draw human beings into 

 mutual embrace." 



