220 REFLECTION. Chap. IX. 



CHAPTER IX. 



Reflection — Meditation — Ill-temper — Sulkiness 



— Determination. 



The act of frowning* — Reflection with an effort, or with the 

 perception of something- difficult or disagreeable — Ab- 

 stracted meditation — Ill-temper — Moroseness — Obsti- 

 nacy — Sulkiness and pouting — Decision or determina- 

 tion — The firm closure of the mouth. 



The corrugators, by their contraction, lower the eye- 

 brows and bring them together, producing vertical fur- 

 rows on the forehead — that is, a frown. Sir C. Bell, 

 who erroneously thought that the corrugator was pecul- 

 iar to man, ranks it as " the most remarkable muscle 

 of the human face. It knits the eyebrows with an ener- 

 getic effort, which unaccountably, but irresistibly, con- 

 veys the idea of mind." Or, as he elsewhere says, " when 

 the eyebrows are knit, energy of mind is apparent, and 

 there is the mingling of thought and emotion with the 

 savage and brutal rage of the mere animal." 1 There 



i « 



Anatomy of Expression,' pp. 137, 139. It is not sur- 

 prising that the corrugators should have become much 

 more developed in man than in the anthropoid apes; for 

 they are brought into incessant action by him under vari- 

 ous circumstances, and will have been strengthened and 

 modified by the inherited effects of use. We have seen 

 how important a part they play, together with the orbicu- 

 lares, in protecting the eyes from being too much gorged 

 with blood during violent expiratory movements. When 

 the eyes are closed as quickly and as forcibly as possible, 



