Chap. IX. ILL-TEMPER. 229 



in this way, will be apt to be ill-tempered, or slightly 

 angry, or peevish, and will commonly show it by frown- 

 ing. But a cross expression, due to a frown, may be 

 counteracted, if the mouth appears sweet, from being 

 habitually drawn into a smile, and the eves are bright 

 and cheerful. So it will be if the eye is clear and steady, 

 and there is the appearance of earnest reflection. Frown- 

 ing, with some depression of the corners of the mouth, 

 which is a sign of grief, gives an air of peevishness. If 

 a child (see Plate IV., fig. 2) 8 frowns much whilst cry- 

 ing, but does not strongly contract in the usual man- 

 ner the orbicular muscles, a well-marked expression of 

 anger or even of rage, together with misery, is dis- 

 played. 



If the whole frowning brow be drawn much down- 

 ward by the contraction of the pyramidal muscles of the 

 nose, which produces transverse wrinkles or folds across 

 the base of the nose, the expression becomes one of mo- 

 roseness. Duchenne believes that the contraction of 

 this muscle, without any frowning, gives the appearance 

 of extreme and aggressive hardness. 9 But I much doubt 

 whether this is a true or natural expression. I have 

 shown Duchenne's photograph of a young man, with 

 this muscle strongly contracted by means of galvanism, 

 to eleven persons, including some artists, and none of 

 them could form an idea what was intended, except one, 

 a girl, who answered correctly, " surely reserve." When 

 I first looked at this photograph, knowing what was in- 

 tended, my imagination added, as I believe, what was 

 necessary, namely, a frowning brow; and consequently 



8 The original photograph by Herr Kindermann is much 

 more expressive than this copy, as it shows the frown on 

 the brow more plainly. 



9 ' Mecanisme de la Phvsionomie Humaine,' Album, 

 Legende iv. figs. 16—18. 



