Chap. XI. DISGUST. 257 



served meat which I was eating at our bivouac, and plain- 

 ly showed utter disgust at its softness; whilst I felt 

 utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked sav- 

 age, though his hands did not appear dirty. A smear 

 of soup on a man's beard looks disgusting, though there 

 is of course nothing disgusting in the soup itself. I pre- 

 sume that this follows from the strong association in 

 our minds between the sight of food, however circum- 

 stanced, and the idea of eating it. 



As the sensation of disgust primarily arises in con- 

 nection with the act of eating or tasting, it is natural 

 that its expression should consist chiefly in movements 

 round the mouth. But as disgust also causes annoyance, 

 it is generally accompanied by a frown, and often by 

 gestures as if to push away or to guard oneself against 

 the offensive object. In the two photographs (figs. 2 

 and 3, on Plate V.) Mr. Eejlander has simulated this 

 expression with some success. With respect to the face, 

 moderate disgust is exhibited in various ways; by the 

 mouth being widely opened, as if to let an offensive 

 morsel drop out; by spitting; by blowing out of the pro- 

 truded lips; or by a sound as of clearing the throat. 

 Such guttural sounds are written ach or ugh ; and their 

 utterance is sometimes accompanied by a shudder, the 

 arms being pressed close to the sides and the shoulders 

 raised in the same manner as when horror is experienced. 7 

 Extreme disgust is expressed by movements round the 

 mouth identical with those preparatory to the act of 

 vomiting. The mouth is opened widely, with the upper 

 lip strongly retracted, which wrinkles the sides of the 

 nose, and with the lower lip protruded and everted as 

 much as possible. This latter movement requires the 



7 See, to this effect, Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's Intro- 

 duction to the ' Dictionary of English Etymology,' 2nd 

 edit. 1872, p. xxxvii. 



