Chap. XI. HELPLESSNESS: 263 



turned to the same side, we get the natural language of 

 what is called slyness." 



Of all the above-named complex emotions, Pride, per- 

 haps, is the most plainly expressed. A proud man ex- 

 hibits his sense of superiority over others by holding 

 his head and body erect. He is haughty (haut), or high, 

 and makes himself appear as large as possible; so that 

 metaphorically he is said to be swollen or puffed up with 

 pride. A peacock or a turkey-cock strutting about with 

 puffed-up feathers, is sometimes said to be an emblem 

 of pride. 13 The arrogant man looks down on others, 

 and with lowered eyelids hardly condescends to see them; 

 or he may show his contempt by slight movements, such 

 as those before described, about the nostrils or lips. 

 Hence the muscle which everts the lower lip has been 

 called the musculus siqjerlus. In some photographs of 

 patients affected by a monomania of pride, sent me by 

 Dr. Crichton Browne, the head and body were held erect, 

 and the mouth firmly closed. This latter action, ex- 

 pressive of decision, follows, I presume, from the proud 

 man feeling perfect self-confidence in himself. The 

 whole expression of pride stands in direct antithesis to 

 that of humility; so that nothing need here be said of 

 the latter state of mind. 



Heljrtessness, Impotence: Shrugging the shoulders. 

 — When a man wishes to show that he cannot do some- 

 thing, or prevent something being done, he often raises 

 with a quick movement both shoulders. At the same 

 time, if the whole gesture is completed, he bends his 

 elbows closely inwards, raises his open hands, turning 



13 Gratiolet (De la Phys. p. 351) makes this remark, and 

 has some g-ood observations on the expression of pride. 

 See Sir C. Bell (' Anatomy of Expression,' p. Ill) on the 

 action of the musculus supcrbus. 



