Chap. XII. HORROR. 305 



and various ages; and thirteen immediately answered 

 horror, great pain, torture, or agony; three answered 

 extreme fright; so that sixteen answered nearly in 

 accordance with Duchenne's belief. Six, however, 

 said anger, guided no doubt, by the strongly con- 

 tracted brows, and overlooking the peculiarly opened 

 mouth. One said disgust. On the whole, the evidence 

 indicates that we have here a fairly good representation 

 of horror and agony. The photograph before referred 

 to (PI. VII. fig. 2) likewise exhibits horror; but in this 

 the oblique eyebrows indicate great mental distress in 

 place of energy. 



Horror is generally accompanied by various gestures, 

 which differ in different individuals. Judging from pic- 

 tures, the whole body is often turned away or shrinks; 

 or the arms are violently protruded as if to push away 

 some dreadful object. The most frequent gesture, as far 

 as can be inferred from the action of persons who en- 

 deavour to express a vividly-imagined scene of horror, 

 is the raising of both shoulders, with the bent arms 

 pressed closely against the sides or chest. These move- 

 ments are nearly the same with those commonly made 

 when we feel very cold; and they are generally accom- 

 panied by a shudder, as well as by a deep expiration or 

 inspiration, according as the chest happens at the time 

 to be expanded or contracted. The sounds thus made 

 are expressed by words like uh or vgJi. 2d It is not, how- 

 ever, obvious why, when we feel cold or express a sense 

 of horror, we press our bent arms against our bodies, 

 raise our shoulders, and shudder. 



28 vSee remarks to this effect by Mr. Wedgwood, in the 

 Introduction to his ' Dictionary of English Etymology,' 2nd 

 edit. 1872, p. xxxvii. He shows by intermediate forms that 

 the sounds here referred to have probably given rise to 

 many words, such as ugly, huge, &c. 



