Chap. XIV. AND SUMMARY. 359 



III. figs. 5 and 6), almost every one recognized that the 

 one represented a true, and the other a false smile; but I 

 have found it very difficult to decide in what the whole 

 amount of difference consists. It has often struck me 

 as a curious fact that so many shades of expression are 

 instantly recognized without any conscious process of 

 analysis on our part. Xo one, I believe, can clearly de- 

 scribe a sullen or sly expression; yet many observers are 

 unanimous that these expressions can be recognized in 

 the various races of man. Almost everyone to whom 

 I showed Duchenne's photograph of the young man with 

 oblique eyebrows (Plate II. fig. 2) at once declared that 

 it expressed grief or some such feeling; yet probably 

 not one of these persons, or one out of a thousand per- 

 sons, could beforehand have told anything precise about 

 the obliquity of the eyebrows with their inner ends 

 puckered, or about the rectangular furrows on the fore- 

 head. So it is with many other expressions, of which I 

 have had practical experience in the trouble requisite 

 in instructing others what points to observe. If, then, 

 great ignorance of details does not prevent our recog- 

 nizing with certainty and promptitude various expres- 

 sions, I do not see how this ignorance can be advanced 

 as an argument that our knowledge, though vague and 

 general, is not innate. 



I have endeavoured to show in considerable detail 

 that all the chief expressions exhibited by man are the 

 same throughout the world. This fact is interesting, 

 as it affords a new argument in favour of the several 

 races being descended from a single parent-stock, which 

 must have been almost completely human in structure, 

 and to a large extent in mind, before the period at which 

 the races diverged from each other. No doubt similar 

 structures, adapted for the same purpose, have often 

 been independently acquired through variation and nat- 



