Chap. XIV. AND SUMMARY. 3(31 



eyes, the relaxation of most of the muscles, and by the 

 whole body cowering downwards or held motionless. 



Suffering, if great, will from the first have caused 

 screams or groans to be uttered, the body to be con- 

 torted, and the teeth to be ground together. But our 

 progenitors will not have exhibited those highly expres- 

 sive movements of the features which accompany scream- 

 ing and crying until their circulatory and respiratory 

 organs, and the muscles surrounding the eyes, had ac- 

 quired their present structure. The shedding of tears 

 appears to have originated through reflex action from 

 the spasmodic contraction of the eyelids, together per- 

 haps with the eyeballs becoming gorged with blood dur- 

 ing the act of screaming. Therefore weeping probably 

 came on rather late in the line of our descent; and this 

 conclusion agrees with the fact that our nearest allies, 

 the anthropomorphous apes, do not weep. But we must 

 here exercise some caution, for as certain monkeys, which 

 are not closely related to man, weep, this habit might 

 have been developed long ago in a sub-branch of the 

 group from which man is derived. Our early progeni- 

 tors, when suffering from grief or anxiet} r , would not 

 have made their eyebrows oblique, or have drawn down 

 the corners of their mouth, until they had acquired the 

 habit of endeavouring to restrain their screams. The 

 expression, therefore, of grief and anxiety is eminently 

 human. 



Rage will have been expressed at a very early period 

 by threatening or frantic gestures, by the reddening of 

 the skin, and by glaring eyes, but not by frowning. 

 For the habit of frowning seems to have been acquired 

 chiefly from the corrugators being the first muscles to 

 contract round the eyes, whenever during infancy pain, 

 anger, or distress is felt, and there consequently is a near 

 approach to screaming; and partly from a frown serving 

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