362 CONCLUDING REMARKS Chap. XIV. 



as a shade in difficult and intent vision. It seems prob- 

 able that this shading action would not have become 

 habitual until man had assumed a completely upright 

 position, for monkeys do not frown when exposed to a 

 glaring light. Our early progenitors, when enraged, 

 would probably have exposed their teeth more freely 

 than does man, even when giving full vent to his rage, 

 as with the insane. We may, also, feel almost certain 

 that they would have protruded their lips, when sulky 

 or disappointed, in a greater degree than is the case with 

 our own children, or even with the children of existing 

 savage races. 



Our early progenitors, when indignant or moderately 

 angry, would not have held their heads erect, opened 

 their chests, squared their shoulders, and clenched their 

 fists, until they had acquired the ordinary carriage and 

 upright attitude of man, and had learnt to fight with 

 their fists or clubs. Until this period had arrived the 

 antithetical gesture of shrugging the shoulders, as a 

 sign of impotence or of patience, would not have been 

 developed. From the same reason astonishment would 

 not then have been expressed by raising the arms with 

 open hands and extended fingers. Nor, judging from 

 the actions of monkeys, would astonishment have been 

 exhibited by a widely opened mouth; but the eyes would 

 have been opened and the eyebrows arched. Disgust 

 would have been shown at a very early period by move- 

 ments round the mouth, like those of vomiting, — that is, 

 if the view which I have suggested respecting the source 

 of the expression is correct, namely, that our progenitors 

 had the power, and used it, of voluntarily and quickly 

 rejecting any food from their stomachs which they dis- 

 liked. But the more refined manner of showing con- 

 tempt or disdain, by lowering the eyelids, or turning 

 away the eyes and face, as if the despised person were 



