Chap. XIV. AND SUMMARY. 365 



to their dispositions; the development of these muscles 

 being perhaps thus increased, and the lines or furrows 

 on the face, due to their habitual contraction, being thus 

 rendered deeper and more conspicuous. The free expres- 

 sion by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On 

 the other hand, the repression, as far as this is possible, 

 of all outward signs softens our emotions. 5 He who 

 gives way to violent gestures will increase his rage; he 

 who does not control the signs of fear will experience 

 fear in a greater degree; and he who remains passive 

 when overwhelmed with grief loses his best chance of 

 recovering elasticity of mind. These results follow 

 partly from the intimate relation which exists between 

 almost all the emotions and their outward manifesta- 

 tions; and partly from the direct influence of exertion 

 on the heart, and consequently on the brain. Even the 

 simulation of an emotion tends to arouse it in our minds. 

 Shakespeare, who from his wonderful knowledge of the 

 human mind ought to be an excellent judge, says: — 



" Is it not monstrous that this player here, 

 But in a fiction, in a dream of passion, 

 Could force his soul so to his own conceit, 

 That, from her working, all his visage wann'd; 

 Tears in his eyes, distraction in 's aspect, 

 A broken voice, and his whole function suiting- 

 With forms to his conceit? And all for nothing 1 ! " 



Hamlet, act ii. sc. 2. 



We have seen that the study of the theory of ex- 

 pression confirms to a certain limited extent the con- 

 clusion that man is derived from some lower animal 

 form, and supports the belief of the specific or sub- 

 specific unity of the several races; but as far as my 

 judgment serves, such confirmation was hardly needed. 



5 Gratiolet (' De la Physionomie,' 1865, p. 66) insists on 

 the truth of this conclusion. 



