Crevalle jack, continued 



some large adults are solitary (Arnold et al. 1960, 

 Springer and Woodburn 1960, Perret et al. 1971, 

 Swingle 1971, Christmas and Waller 1973, Swingle 

 and Bland 1974, Benson 1982). 



Habitat 



Ty pe: Eggs and larvae are pelagic and offshore in 

 marine salinities, and may be associated with offshore 

 currents (Berry 1959, Benson 1982). Larvae are 

 present in the Gulf of Mexico March through Novem- 

 ber, reaching peak abundance June through August 

 (Ditty et al. 1 988). Juveniles probably migrate inshore 

 during the early juvenile stage (about 21 mm), and are 

 frequently associated with floating debris and sargas- 

 sum weed. Crevalle jack selectively inhabit inshore 

 waters during the later part of the juvenile stage, 

 usually in shallow, brackish areas and occasionally 

 entering fresh water. Juveniles are found in bays, gulf 

 passes, sounds, estuaries, brackish lakes and ponds, 

 canals, and rivers, in salinities ranging from fresh to 

 hypersaline (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928, Gunter 

 1945, Reid 1955, Simmons 1957, Darnell 1958, Berry 



1959, Arnold et al. 1960, Springer and Woodburn 



1 960, Tabb and Manning 1 961 , Gunter and Hall 1 963, 

 Hoese 1 965, Kelley 1 965, Bechtel and Copeland 1 970, 

 Franks 1 970, Perret et al. 1 971 , Swingle 1 971 , Dahlberg 



1 972, Christmas and Waller 1 973, Swingle and Bland 

 1 974, Barret et al. 1 978, Lee et al. 1 980, Benson 1 982, 

 Shipp 1986). 



Adults are pelagic and are associated with waters of 

 the continental shelf and continental islands (Berry 

 1 959). They are found in a wide range of depths from 

 shallow inshore to oceanic waters (Benson 1 982), and 

 in salinities ranging from fresh to hypersaline (Johnson 

 1978). Collections have also been made in brackish 

 estuarine waters, upstream in coastal rivers, and com- 

 monly in shallow flats (Johnson 1978, Adams pers. 

 comm.). In Texas, they occur in the nearshore area 

 from February or March through October and some- 

 times November, with variable peaks in abundance 

 (Springer and Pirson 1958). Larger adults remain 

 offshore and are seldom taken in bays and other 

 inshore waters (Gunter 1945, Christmas and Waller 



1973, Lindall et al. 1973, Benson 1982). 



Substrate : Since this is a pelagic schooling fish, it is not 

 associated with a particular bottom type, but it has 

 been recorded from bottoms of mud, sand, shelly sand, 

 and hard packed bottoms with a mud and algae film 

 (Reid 1955, Gunter and Hall 1963, Benson 1982). 



Physical/Chemical Characteristics 



Temperature - Larvae: Larvae have been recorded 



from water temperatures of 20.0 to 29.0°C (Johnson 



1978). 



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