W. II. Edwards on certain iV. A. species of Satyrus. 199 



or hazy rings, or by a nimbus which varies in shape, in extent and in 

 color, and by its phases increases the general variation exceedingly. 

 The limb of Alope being occupied by the yellow band, so much va- 

 riation is not possible, there being simply a black ocellus and its pupil, 

 which indeed vary in a similar manner to Nephele. 



In every species of butterfly there is a certain range of variation. 

 In many it is very great, as in Culias Philodice, Pieris oleracea, An- 

 ihocaris Genutia and J.. Sara. The color may be lighter or darker, 

 the bands broader or narrower, spots larger or smaller, or more numer- 

 ous or altogether wanting. One species will vary in the direction of 

 another. Philodice may be tiuted with orange, thus approaching Eu- 

 rytheme or Christina, Terias Nicippe may be canary yellow like T. 

 Lisa, instead of orange. But in such cases there is usually no diffi- 

 culty in determining to which species the varying individual belongs, 

 for there are other characteristics that remain fixed. If an occasional 

 Terias should be found varying from Nicippe in so many respects 

 as to make it uncertain whether it was Nicippe or Lisa, we should 

 call it a hybrid, though really it might be an extreme of variation. 

 But if we constantly found such individuals and others connecting them 

 on one side with Nicippe and on the other with Lisa, with regular 

 intermediate grades of variation, we should pronounce the two species 

 identical. Occasionally an Alope may appear with but one ocellus on 

 the fore-wings, and, in that respect, resembling Pegala, The species 

 may be expected to vary in that direction. 



Certainly Ncjihele should not be taken to be an aberration of Alope. 

 Nep>hele is the dominant species, having the most unrestricted range, 

 and being vastly more numerous in individuals. The types differ as 

 much as any other two allied species, and are indeed a long ways apart. 

 Alope varies comparatively little, and very little in the direction of N>- 

 phele. The variation of Nephele is extreme and in the direction of 

 Alope, but with the greater number of variations close to the type. 

 Occasionally one individual more aberrant than the rest reaches farther 

 towards Alope. That is the most that can be said. There is no regular 

 gradation of connecting forms. If, here and there, an individual should 

 appear that could be referred with certainty to neither, it might be 

 either an extreme of variation, or possibly a hybrid, and would not 

 bridge over the distance between two species like these. Nephele, Ari- 

 inir and Bobpis form one group. Pegala and Alope another. If ori- 

 ginally all the five were represented by one species, it is probable 

 that Nephelt is nearest to it and Pegala farthest. 





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