Figure 11. Common sponges (A) Haliclona sp. 

 (colony to 8 cm wide), (B) Halichondria bowerbanki 

 (colony to 8 cm high, 30 cm wide), and (C) Microciona 

 prolifera (colony to 20 cm high, 30 cm wide). All 

 redrawn from Lippson and Lippson (1984). 



common coelenterates are the large sea 

 whip Leptoqorqia virqulata (Figure 12C), 

 the small stony coral Astrangia danae , and 

 the larger, branching coral Ocul ina 

 arbuscula . Anemones include Bunodosoma 

 cavernata which is large and warty, 

 Aiptasia pall ida (Figure 12D), which is 

 small and pale brown, and Pi adumene 

 leucolena , which is pale and translucent. 



The most abundant foliose bryozoan is 

 Bugula neritina , with its red-purple bushy 

 colonies (Figure 13B). {L_ stolonifera is 

 similar in morphology to JL neritina , but 

 white in color. Anquinella palmata is 

 another foliose bryozoan but it has gray, 

 nondescript colonies. Alcyonidium hauffi 

 is a gray-brown, rubbery bryozoan often 

 found encrusting the stalks of other 

 bryozoans and hydroids. There are two 

 common encrusting bryozoans that can be 

 distinguished largely on the basis of 

 color; white colonies are probably 

 Membranipora tenuis and orange colonies 

 are probably Schizoporella errata (Figure 

 13A). 



Colonial tunicates are also 

 conspicuous features of the sessile fauna. 

 Eudi stoma carol inense forms thick, 

 irregular sandy encrustations, while its 

 congener Eudi stoma hepaticum is purple and 

 liver-like. Didemnum candidum forms thin, 

 pure white encrustations. CI avel ina 

 oblonqa is a semicolonial tunicate with 

 elongate, clear, colorless zooids that are 

 joined together only at the base. 

 Pi stapl i a bermudensi s comes in many 

 colors--red, orange, and purple--and has 

 relatively large zooids embedded in the 

 common tunic. The individual intake 

 apertures are arranged in circles around a 

 common exhalent opening. Apl idi urn 



constel 1 atum is red-orange to white, 

 hemispherical and looks like a small brain 

 attached to the rocks. Its congener /L 

 stellatum forms whitish, tough, plate-like 

 colonies with orange-red zooids arranged 

 in a stellate pattern (Figure 14C). Both 

 are called "sea pork" by local fishermen. 

 Perophora viridis looks like small, green 

 grapes connected with green stolons and is 

 often found in the canopy of other 

 hydroids and bryozoans. Pip! osoma 



macdonaldi forms thin, transparent sheets 

 which contain the black zooids. Also seen 

 are the gold-purple-brown, loose blob-like 

 rolls and lobes of Botryllus schlosseri , 

 especially in North Carolina. In South 

 Carolina and northern Florida more 

 tropical forms are found, such as the 

 pinkish, gelatinous, encrusting Symplegma 

 viride , with its brightly colored zooids. 

 Solitary tunicates are represented by the 

 gray globes of Molgul a manhattensi s 

 (Figure 14B), the tough, wrinkled, tan 

 individuals of Styel a pi icata (Figure 



17 



