CHAPTER IV 

 CURRENT STATE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE 



OF tributyltin in coastal waters 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



4.1 INTRODUCTION IV- 1 



4.2 TRIEUTYLTTN RELEASE RATES FROM ANTIFOUIANT PAINT IV- 3 



4.2.1 Factors Effecting Tributyltin Release Rates 



from Painted Surfaces IV- 3 



4.2.2 Estimates of Tributyltin Release Rates from 



Removed Spent Film and Waste Residues IV- 5 



4.2.3 Estimates of Potential Loadings of Tributyltin 



Released by Vessels to Lower Chesapeake Bay IV- 8 



4.3 TOXICITY TO FRESHWATER AND MARINE ORGANISMS TV-11 



4.3.1 Fungi and Bacteria IV-11 



4.3.2 Phytoplankton and Zooplankton IV-12 



4.3.3 Crustaceans IV-12 



4.3.4 Shellfish IV-12 

 4.4.1 Field Studies TV-16 

 4.3.4.2 laboratory Studies TV-20 



4.3.5 Fish IV-28 



4.4 BEHAVIOR AND FATE OF ORGANOTTN COMPOUNDS IN THE 



MARINE ENVIRONMENT IV-32 



4.4.1 Surface Microlayer IV-32 



4.4.2 Organisms IV-34 



4.4.3 Sediments IV-35 



4.5 BI0ACOMJIATI0N - FISH AND SHELLFISH TV-39 



4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANOTTNS IN COASTAL 



WATERS TV-42 



4.6.1 Early Monitoring Studies TV-42 



4.6.2 Environmental Variables Affecting Organotin levels IV-43 



4.6.3 Measured Environmental Concentrations of TBT IV-44 



4.7 LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIES TV-48 



IV-i 



