THE PLANT WORLD 179 



HeUehorine Caleeolus Canadensis, flore hiteo minore, or mqj'ore, as the case 

 might be. This exphiined in English becomes literally — Bastard Helle- 

 bore with a round small or large yellow flower, found in Canada. 

 Bauhin worked forty years upon his " Pinax,'" in order thus to show how 

 each one of the species given by him was named by earlier botanists. 



Dioscorides and Pliny attached whole rows of names to a single 

 plant, and authors in Fuchs' and Dodoen's day aimed to cite all known 

 synonyms of species, attaching the names of ancient authors to their 

 lists also. Caspar Bauhin sought to put an end to the uncertainty of 

 nomenclature in his "Pinax," and therefore it became an exhaustive 

 list of synonyms, and though three centuries old is still valuable to-day 

 for the history of individual species. 



Bauhin developed his researches from the former ideas of Euchs and 

 Bock before him. Although the actual honor of botanical classification 

 and binominal nomenclature, that is, the two-name system, adopting one 

 generic and one specific designation, is accredited to Linnaeus in 1753. 

 We must justly observe that no one botanist or immediate century can 

 be said to have established the two-named system or the terminology of 

 parts of the flower. It was a process of evolution, slowly brought about 

 by increased civilization and cultivation, and inventions due to modern 

 education. 



Botany well may be said to have become a science in the hands of 

 Linnaeus in 1700, since he laid down scientific rules, and his first edition 

 of Species Plantarum, 1753, becomes the starting point from which 

 modern botany dates the true origin of both generic and specific names 

 for all time. 



Professor Sachs has said that "investigation of nature consists 

 not only in deducing rules from exact and comparative observations of 

 the phenomena of nature, but in discovering the genetic forces from 

 which the causal connection, cause and effect may be derived. There 

 has been much twisting and turning of facts in the history- of botany, and 

 according to the scholastic methods in playing with abstract concep- 

 tions, the best plaj^er is he who can so combine them that the real con- 

 tradictions are skillfully concealed." Linnseus, therefore, became the 

 " best player " in the contest, and has won a high place in the history of 

 the science. He absorbed all that seemed best and soundest in the 

 doctrine of past ages, and became the first botanist who truly and intel- 

 ligently established natural groups in his "Fragment" published 1788, 

 when he gave the diagnosis of sixty-five grou])S founded on the law of 

 natural affinity, which are recognized to-day in part. 



From 1753 to 1850, the natural system became an established law. 

 Much credit is due to Bernard de Jussieu and his nephew, Laurent de 

 Jussieu, in 1759, and combined later wdth DeCandolle's and Robert 



