FACTS AND FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT 23 



the entire individual, mind and body, with the development of the germ, 

 it does not assert that "matter" is the cause of "mind" either in the 

 germ or in the adult. It must not be forgotten that germ cells are living 

 things and that we go no further in associating the beginnings of mind 

 with the beginnings of body in the germ than we do in associating mind 

 and body in the adult. It is just as materialistic to hold that the mind 

 of the mature man is associated with his body as it is to hold that the 

 beginnings of mind in the germ are associated with the beginnings of 

 the body, and both of these tenets are incontrovertable. 



It seems to me that the mind is related to the body as function is to 

 structure; there are those who maintain that structure is the cause of 

 function, that the real problem in evolution or development is the trans- 

 formation of one structure into another, and that the functions which go 

 with certain structures are merely incidental results ; on the other hand 

 are those who maintain that function is the cause of structure and that 

 the problem of evolution or development is the change which takes place 

 in functions and habits, these changes causing corresponding transfor- 

 mations of structure. Among adherents of the former view may be 

 classed many morphologists and Neo-Darwinians, among proponents of 

 the latter, many physiologists and Neo-Lamarckians. It seems to me 

 that the defenders of each of these views fail to recognize the essential 

 unity of the entire organism, structure as well as function ; that neither 

 of these is the cause of the other, though each may modify or condition 

 the other, but that they are two aspects of one common thing, viz., 

 organization. In the same way I think that the body or brain is not the 

 cause of mind, nor mind the cause of body or brain, but that both are 

 inherent in one common organization or individuality. 



In asserting that the mind develops from the germ as the body does, 

 no attempt is made to explain the fundamental properties of body or 

 mind. As the structures of the body may be traced back to certain 

 fundamental structures of the germ cell, so the characteristics of the 

 mind may be traced back to certain fundamental properties and 

 activities of the germ. Many of the psychical processes may be traced 

 back in their development to properties of sensitivity, reflex motions, 

 and persistence of the effects of stimuli. All organisms manifest these 

 properties and for aught we know to the contrary they may be original 

 and necessary characteristics of living things. In the simplest proto- 

 plasm we find organization, that is, structure and function, and in 

 germinal protoplasm we find the elements of the mind as well as of the 

 body, and the problem of the ultimate relation of the two is the same 

 whether we consider the organism in its germinal or in its adult stage. 



In some way the mind as well as the body develops out of the germ. 

 What are the germinal bases of mind ? What are the psychical anlagen 

 in embryos and how do they develop ? In this case, even more than in 

 the development of the body, we are compelled to rely upon the compari- 



