INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 149 



found in large numbers the Mediterranean race. Thus it is evident how 

 difficult it would be to trace the peculiar features of French culture to 

 peculiar ethnic characteristics. In similar fashion in Germany the 

 Nordic race is most prevalent in the north, while the Alpine race be- 

 comes predominant in the south. Such movements as the Pan-Ger- 

 manic movement and the Pan- Slavic movement are frequently regarded 

 as having a peculiar ethnic significance, but, for example, in the coun- 

 tries which constitute Pan-Slavism, namely, Eussia and certain of the 

 Balkan countries, all of the European ethnic types are represented, and 

 also a considerable intermixture of Asiatic blood. The Jews present a 

 similar example of this error. Most of the Jews themselves, as well as 

 most non-Jews, regard the Jewish people as a distinct ethnic type. But 

 ethnological research has shown that there is a great deal of variation 

 between the Jews in different countries, so that it is evident that 

 through intermixture the Jews have lost ethnic unity. The peculiar fea- 

 tures of their culture are due to their history and social status rather 

 than to these ethnic characteristics. So far as such movements as Pan- 

 Germanism, Pan-Slavism, Zionism, etc., try to preserve characteristic 

 cultures, they may be of great value. But when they give currency to 

 mistaken ideas of ethnic unity they may do a great deal of harm. 



Such mistaken ideas of racial identity have frequently furnished 

 the basis for a national self-consciousness which has led to an assump- 

 tion of superiority over and hostility towards other races. A realization 

 of the fact that the cultural status of a people is frequently due mainly 

 to its environment and circumstances rather than to its ethnic character- 

 istics would ameliorate these hostile relations. Furthermore, these facts 

 suggest the possibility of a uniformity of culture the world over, which 

 possibility we shall discuss later in this article. 



Let us now consider the second question proposed, namely, with re- 

 gard to the possibility of a final racial amalgamation. This is, of 

 course, largely a question of the feasibility of crossing between the prin- 

 cipal ethnic types. There are three of these t}q3es, namely, the white or 

 Caucasian, the yellow or Mongolian, and the black or Negro. We have 

 already discussed how antipathies may arise between ethnic types. We 

 have seen these antipathies may arise from cultural differences such as 

 different esthetic ideas. Thus where antipathy is based upon difference 

 in skin color or facial features it is largely, but not entirely, an esthetic 

 matter. Where an antipathy is based upon such a thing as difference in 

 odor it may seem to be innate in its origin and therefore permanent. 

 But even such an antipathy may be partly or largely the result of a dif- 

 ference of taste and therefore due to cultural differences. In fact, it is 

 very difficult to determine whether any antipathy is innate and there- 

 fore an insuperable barrier between races. If there is no such innate 

 antipathy, with uniformity of culture all antipathies should disappear. 



