reproduction. These secondary effects are not clear and require more study 

 before their importance to the survival of avian populations can be fully 

 understood. In addition to the experimental results, several reliable in- 

 dicators have been established to assess the sublethal effects of crude and 

 No. 2 fuel oils on all stages of the avian life cycle. More importantly, 

 insight has been gained into the detection and measurement of the effects of 

 crude oil on natural bird populations. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



I thank Peter Albers, Nancy Coon, Michael Dieter, Gary Heinz, W. Neil 

 Holmes, Kirke King, George Lawler, John Patton, William Stout, Robert Szaro, 

 Barry Tarshis, and Donald White for generously contributing their findings 

 for this manuscript. 



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