150 IJOSMOS. 



Greece itself. Theso contrasts occasioned diveidties in thfi 

 direction of ideas and feelings, and in the form of poetry and 

 harmonious art, and created a rich fullness of life, in which 

 all the apparently hostile elements were dissolved, according 

 to a liigher law of universal order, into a gentle harmonious 

 unison. 



Notwithstanding that Miletus, Ephesus, and Colophon were 

 Ionic; Cos, lUiodes, and Halicarnassus Doric; and Croton 

 and Sybaris Achaic, the power and the inspired poetry of the 

 Homeric song every where made their power appreciable in 

 the midst of this diversity of cultivation, and even in Lower 

 Italy, in the many contiguous colonial cities founded by differ- 

 ent races. Amid the most firmly-rooted contrasts in man- 

 ners and political institutions, and notwithstanding th* fluc- 

 tuations to which the latter were subject, Greece retained its 

 nationality unbroken, and the wide domain of ideal and art- 

 istic creations achieved by the separate tribes was regarded as 

 the common property of the whole nation. 



It still remains for me to mention, in the present section, 

 the third point, which we have already indicated as having, 

 conjointly with the opening of the Euxine, and the establish- 

 ment of colonies on the basin of the Mediterranean, exercised 

 so marked an influence on the history of the contemplation of 

 the universe. The foundation of Tartessus and Gades, where 

 a temple was dedicated to the wandering divinity Melkart (a 

 son of Baal), and of the colonial city of Utica, which was older 

 than Carthage, remind us that the Phoenicians had already 

 navigated the open sea for many centuries before the Greeks 

 passed beyond the straits termed by Pindar the " Gadeirian 

 Gate."* In the same manner as the Milesians in the East, 

 by the way of the Euxine,t established relations of interna 

 tional contact which laid the foundation of an inland trade 



* Strabo, lib. iii., p. 172 (Bockh, Find. Fragm., v., 155). The expe- 

 dition of CoUeus of Samos falls, according to Otfr. Miiller {Prolegommt^ 

 zu einer wissenschnftlichen Mythologie), in Olymp. 31, and according tc 

 Letronne's investigation {Essai sur les Idees Cosmo :aphiques qui se rat' 

 tachcnt an nam d' Atlas, p. 9), in Olymp. 35, 1, or in the year 640. The 

 epoch depends, however, on the f«.iundation of Cyrene, which is placed 

 by Otfr. Miiller between Olymp. 35 and 37 (Minyer, s. 344, Frolegome- 

 nn, s. G3); for in the time of Colajus (Herod., iv., 152), the way from 

 Thera to Libya was not as yet known. Zumpt places the foundation 

 of Carthage in 878, and that of Gades in 1100 B.C. 



t According to the manner of the ancients (Strabo, lib. ii., p. 126), I 

 reckon the whole Eux/ne, together with the Micotis (as required by 

 ubysical and geological views), to be included mi the conrmou ba?iii ol 

 ithe jjreat " Inner S" 



