40 EDWARD WILBER BERRY 



Williamsoniales are known from the Cenozoic and the Cycadales 

 are seldom found. Zamites occurs in the Lower Eocene of 

 Louisiana and in the Oligocene of France. The genus Encep- 

 halartos has been recorded from the late Oligocene of Greece, 

 and Dion and Cycadites have been somewhat doubtfully deter- 

 mined from the Miocene of southern Europe. 



The Ginkgoales are well represented during the earlier Tertiary. 

 I have collected hundreds of beautiful fossil Ginkgo leaves from 

 regions in western Montana now given over to Spruce and 

 Cottonwood. Several undoubted species occur over an area 

 that includes the Isle of Mull, Greenland, Sachalin, Siberia, 

 Canada as far north as the mouth of the Mackenzie, Wyoming, 

 Montana, etc. The later Tertiary records available do not con- 

 tain Ginkgo except one or two instances from the Pacific coast 

 of the United States and from southern Europe. 



All three existing families of Coniferales were represented 

 throughout the Cenozoic. The Araucariaceae show a progres- 

 sive shrinking of range toward the south, although Araucaria is 

 present in the Eocene of Europe and Dammara in Eurasia. The 

 subfossil records show that the range of both of these genera is 

 still shrinking at the present time. 



Among the Taxaceae, Podocarpus is present in some force in 

 the European Tertiary, Cephalotaxus foliage and fruits are 

 present in both Europe and North America. Taxus and to a 

 less extent Tumion are quite generally distributed. Among the 

 Pinaceae, Pinus, Glyptostrobus , Taxodium, Arthrotaxus and 

 Cryptomeria are quite generally distributed in the North Tem- 

 perate Zone while the genus Sequoia is truly cosmopolitan. 



Sequoia is found throughout both the northern and southern 

 hemispheres and its wood showing perfectly characteristic 

 structure demonstrates its presence in Europe until the dawn of 

 Pleistocene glaciation. The accompanying sketch map (fig. 1) 

 shows the Cenozoic occurrences of this interesting genus. 



Taxodium and Glyptostrobus had an equally wide range in the 

 northern hemisphere but appear to be absent in the southern. 

 The genera Frenela and Widdringtonia, lumped with Callitris by 

 Eichler, are not known from North America after the Mesozoic 

 but they are common forms in the Cenozoic of Europe. 



