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WILLIAM S. COOPER 



poorly marked. There are no pre-forest stages, barring the 

 sparse covering of Hchens upon the fragments, which is of no 

 consequence in the vegetational development. Two forest 

 stages may be distinguished: the first, dominated by Betula 



Fig. 1. Talus slope north of Lake Kinney. Birch-conifer forest with scanty- 

 undergrowth. 



papyrifera Marsh, with occasional willows; the second by the 

 cUmax conifers. Even these two stages are far from distinct, 

 for certain of the conifers may enter apparently as early and as 

 abundantly as the birches, the only reason why they do not at 



