with halophytic herbs (Craighead 1971), 

 and only in 1976 were (black) mangroves 

 present. 



Biological changes take place that 

 appear to be necessary for fresh allu- 

 vial soils to be utilized by mangroves. 

 These include the activities of bacte- 

 ria, blue-green algae, diatoms, and 

 green algae (Schuster 1952), as well as 

 working of the soil by invertebrates 

 (Macnae 1968). In the course of mangrove 

 forest development, soils can apparently 

 change from 5% to 15% organic matter in 

 an alluvial or marl soil to 38% to 9C% 

 organic matter in a mangrove peat soil 

 (Macnae 1968; Teas 1974)" The creation 

 of a mangrove swamp may well be acceler- 

 ated by adding organic matter and fer- 

 tilizer that would provide the soil 

 equivalent to a fairly mature forest. 



If the site is distant from other 

 mangrove swamps, fauna! and floral devel- 

 opment might be accelerated by introduc- 

 ing invertebrates, algae, and other life 

 from an established swamp. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Bacon, P.R. 1970. The ecology of Caroni 

 Swamp, Trinidad. Central Statisti- 

 cal Office, Trinidad. 68 pp. 



Bowman, H.H.M. 1917. Ecology and physi- 

 ology of the red mangrove. Proc. 

 Am. Philos. Soc. 56:589-672. 



Breitwisch, R. 1976. Mangrove studies in 

 Biscayne Bay, Florida. I. Avifauna. 

 Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. 

 21 pp. (mimeo). 



Carter, M.R., L.A. Burns, T.R. Cavinder, 

 K.R. Dugger, P.L. Fore, D.B. Hicks, 

 H.L. Revells, and T.W. Schmidt. 

 1973. Ecosystem analysis of the 

 Big Cypress Swamp. U.S. Environmen- 

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 9-74-002. Atlanta, Georgia. 376 

 pp. 



Cerame-Vivas, M.J. 1974. Mangroves of 

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 64 pp. 



Chapman, V.J. 1970. Mangrove phytoso- 

 ciology. Trop. Ecol . 11:1-19. 



Craighead, F.C. 1971. The trees of 

 South Florida, I. Univ. Miami Press, 

 Coral Gables, Florida. 212 pp. 



Davis, J. H. 1940. The ecology and geolog- 

 ical role of mangroves in Florida. 

 Carnegie Inst., Washington, Publ. 



517, Papers from the Tortugas Lab- 

 oratory. 32(16) .-305-412. 

 de Sylva, D.P. 1976. Fishes of Biscayne 

 Bay. Pages 181-202 in A. Thorhaug, 

 ed. Biscayne Bay: past, present 

 and future. Univ. Miami Sea Grant 

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Ding Hou. 1958. Rhizophoraceae. Flora 

 Malesiana. 5:429-93. 



Hannan, J. 1975. Aspects of red mangrove 

 reforestation in Florida. Pages 

 112-121 jn R.R. Lewis, ed. Pro- 

 ceedings second annual conference 

 on restoration of coastal vegeta- 

 tion in Florida. Hillsborough 

 Community College, Tampa, Florida. 



Kimball, M.C., and H.J. Teas. 1975. Ni- 

 trogen fixation in mangrove areas 

 of southern Florida. Pages 654-660 

 in G.E. Walsh, S.C. Snedaker, and 

 H.J. Teas, eds. Proceedings of 

 international symposium on the bio- 

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 Institute of Food and Agricultural 

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 vil le. 



Kinch, J.C. 1975. Efforts in marine 

 vegetation in artificial habitat. 

 Pages 102-211 in R.R. Lewis, ed. 

 Proceedings of second annual con- 

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 vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough 

 Community College, Tampa, Florida. 



Lang, A. 1974. The effect of herbicides 

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 and conclusion. National Academy of 

 Sciences, Washington, D.C. 372 pp. 



Lewis, R.R, and F.M. Dunstan. 1975. The 

 possible role of Spartina alterni- 

 flora Loisel in establishment of 

 mangroves in Florida. Pages 82-100 

 in R.R. Lewis, ed. Proceedings of 

 second annual conference on resto- 

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 Florida. Hillsborough Community 

 College, Tampa, Florida. 



Mac Caughey, V. 1917. The mangrove in 

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Macnae, W. 1968. A general account of 

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 New York. 



McGill, J.T. 1959. Coastal classifica- 

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