INDIVIDUALITY AND WORLD 641 



this objective struggle, in which important work of value to humanity is 

 done, the subjective struggle, which aims at material goods, not for the 

 whole human society but for the individual and his family, and at distinctive 

 psychical goods. This second struggle is largely, although not altogether, a 

 competitive one for a position, for profits in the realm of material goods, and 

 for distinctive psychical goods yielding recognition, distinction, honor for the 

 individual and those he represents. From a certain aspect, the struggle for 

 distinctive psychical goods might be considered as a competitive struggle for 

 profit in the sphere of psychical goods ; but it is not designated as such, because 

 while the profit motive is approved by public morality in the sphere of material 

 goods, it is regarded objectionable in the sphere of psychical goods ; here, the 

 aims should solely be objective. But if we analyze human activities, we find 

 present in all of them the objective and the subjective motives. This is true 

 of the life of individuals pursuing commerce and industry, as well as of those 

 pursuing pure and applied science and art. However, these two motives are 

 present in varying proportions in different occupations and in different indi- 

 viduals. 



It is, above all, the manner in which this subjective struggle is conducted 

 which characterizes individuals. All the psychical characteristics and the 

 corresponding modes of reaction which distinguish one human being from 

 another may be called his personality, and it is especially in the subjective 

 social struggle that the personality becomes manifest. There is still another 

 motive which may participate in this subjective aspect of human endeavor; 

 this involves the desire to be distinct from others, to be an individual in the true 

 sense of the word, particularly in the psychical field, in thinking and feeling, 

 and in creating; it is accompanied by the wish not to imitate others, but 

 to express one's own individuality, to receive recognition for this distinc- 

 tiveness, and to be accepted as an individual in one's own right. The degree 

 of self-control and self-maintenance and determination which an individual 

 exhibits in the social struggle is a measure of his "morale." It represents 

 his ability to resist the results of injurious suggestions which tend to disor- 

 ganize his personality, depress his self respect, the feeling of his strength 

 and his ability to maintain himself and to be respected by others and by him- 

 self. 



To harmonize the various conflicts of individuals and groups in the social 

 struggle certain codes have been established. Ethics and law have significance 

 as means of such an adjustment. They represent balances that compare and 

 weigh two or more contrary claims or needs, but these decisions, although 

 generalized, are as yet very imperfect, because they cannot very well include 

 in their comparisons and weighings the different individualities around which 

 the needs and claims center. Ethics, with its concepts of justice and of the 

 dignity of the individual, includes in its consideration also the sphere of 

 psychical goods, while law, with its more formal concept of justice, pre- 

 ponderantly limits itself to the sphere of material goods and bodily injuries, 

 where comparisons and weighings can be made more readily in an objective 

 manner than in the sphere of the more individualized psychical goods. In 



