ROCKS. 2VJ 



iher by contact or proximity with a Plutonic or volcanic en- 

 dogenous rock of eruption,* or, what is more frequently the 

 case, by a gaseous sublimation of substancesf which accom- 

 pany certain masses erupted in a hot fluid condition. 



Conglomerates ; coarse or finely granular sandstones, or 

 breccias composed of mechanically-divided masses of the three 

 previous species. 



1'hese lour modes of formation — by the emission of volcanic 

 laasses, as narrow lava streams ; by the action of these masses 

 on rocks previously hardened ; by mechanical separation or 

 chemical precipitation from liquids impregnated with carbonio 

 acid ; and, finally, by the cementation of disintegrated rocks 

 of heterogeneous nature — are phenomena and formative pro 

 cesses which must merely be regarded as a faint reflection of 

 that more energetic activity which must have characterized 

 the chaotic condition of the earlier world under wholly differ- 

 ent conditions of pressure and at a higher temperature, not 

 only in the whole crust of the earth, but likewise in the more 



* la a plan of the neigliboibood of Tezcuco, Totoiiilco, and Mirau 

 (Atlas Giographique et Physique, pi. vii.), which I orighially (1S03) 

 intended for a work which I never published, entitled Pasigrajia Geog- 

 nostica destinada al uso de los Jovenes del Colegio de Mineria de Mexi- 

 co, I named (in 1832) the Plutonic and volcanic eruptive rocks en loge- 

 nous (generated in the interior), and the sedimentary and flotz rocks 

 exogenous (or generated externally on the sui'face of the earth). Pasi- 

 graphically, the former were designated by an arrow directed up- 

 ward f , and the latter by the same symbol directed downward \. 

 These signs have at least some advantage over the ascending lines, 

 which in the older systems represent arbitrarily and ungracefully the 

 horizontally ranged sedimentary strata, and their penetration through 

 masses of basalt, porphyry, and syenite. The names proposed in the 

 pasigraphico-geognostic plan were borrowed from De Candolle's nomen 

 clature, in which endogenous is synonymous with monocotyledonous, 

 and exogenous w^ith dicotyledonous plants. Mohl's more accurate ex- 

 amination of vegetable tissues has, however, shown that the growth of 

 monocotyledons from within, and dicotyledons from without, is not 

 strictly and generally true for vegetable organisms (Link, Elementa 

 FhilosopkicE Botanies;, t. i., 1837, p. 287; Endlicher and Unger, Grand- 

 zuge der Botanik, 1843, s. 89; and Jussieu, Traiti de Botanique, t. i., 

 p. 85). The rocks which I have termed endogenous are characteristic 

 ally distinguished by Lyell, in his Principles of Geology, 1833, vol. iii,, 

 p. 374, as "nether-formed" or " hypogene rocks." 



t Compare Leop. von Buch, Ueber Dolomit ah Gchirgsart, 1823, s. 

 SC ; and his remarks on the degree of fluidity to be ascribed to Plutonic 

 rocks at the period of their eruption, as well as on the formation <»f 

 gneiss from schist, through the action of granite and of the substances 

 upheaved with it, to be found in the Abhandl. der Alcad. der Wiseen' 

 tch. zu Berlin for the year 1842, s. 58 und 63, and in the Jahrbuch fiu 

 Wisscnsclwftliche KrMik, 1840, s. 195. 



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