CHAPTER IV. 

 THE EARLIER HISTORY OF PIIYLOGENY. 



Jean Lamarck. 



Phylogeny before Darwin. — Origin of Species. — Karl Linngeus' Idea of 

 Species, and Assent to Moses' Biblical History of Creation. — The 

 Deluge. — Palaeontology. — George Cuvier's Theory of Catastrophes.— 

 Eepeated Terrestrial Kevolations, and New Creations. — Lyell's Theory 

 of Continuity. — The Natural Causes of the Constant Modification 

 of the Earth. — Supernatural Origin of Organisms. — Immanuel Kant's 

 Dualistic Philosophy of Nature. — Jean Lamarck. — Monistic Philosophy 

 of Nature. — The Story of his Life. — His Philosophie Zoologique. — First 

 Scientific Statement of the Doctrine of Descent. — Modification of 

 Organs by Practice and Habit, in Conjunction with Heredity. — Applica- 

 tion of the Theory to Man. — Descent of Man from the Ape. — Wolfgang- 

 Goethe. — His Studies in Natural Science. — His Morphology. — His 

 Studies of the " Formation and Transformation of Organisms." — 

 Goethe's Theory of the Tendency to Specific DiHerences (Heredity 

 and of Metamorphosis (Adaptation). 



"It would be on easy task to show that the characteristics in the organi. 

 ration of man, on account of which the human species and races arc 

 grouped sis a distinct family, are all results of former changes cf occu- 

 pation, and of acquired habits, which have come to be distinctive of indi- 

 viduals of his kind. When, compelled by circumstances, the most highly 

 developed apes accustomed themselves to walking erect, they gained 

 tliD ascendant over the other animals. The absolute advantage they 



