483 



REVIEWS 



PETROPAVLOVSK (cont.from p. iv 

 front of ihe local parliament building. 

 This persuaded the parliament to at 

 least discuss the entry of the Rainbotc 

 Wamor into the harbor. But nothing 

 came of it. The Ratnbotv Wamor 

 stayed beyond the Soviet Union's 

 declared 12-mile coastal limit, and left 

 after 10 days. 



The contradictions between the Sovi- 

 et Union's domestic and military devel- 

 opment are readily apparent in 

 Petropavlovsk. It may be bustling, but 

 it is like a poor city in the developing 

 world. Half the population is housed in 

 dreary prefabricated concrete high- 

 . rises. The other half lives in houses that 

 appear to be not much better than 

 shacks, and are ranged along the mud 

 tracks and roads that meander around 

 the hillsides of the city. Meanwhile, bil- 

 lion-ruble nuclear-powered submarines 

 can be seen sailing in and out of the bay. 



The Cold War will leave another 

 legacy for the inhabitants of the region. 

 The nuclear submarine base, which has 

 no known name, was built in the 1960s. 

 Nuclear-powered submarines were 

 sailing from the base by the late 19608, 



and today some dozen ballistic missile 

 submarines, carrying strategic missiles 

 «ith hundreds of nuclear warheads, are 

 based there. Other attack and cruise 

 missile-equipped nuclear-powered sub- 

 marines also operate out of the base. 



The submarines' reactors have gen- 

 erated an undisclosed amount of nucle- 

 ar waste over the past 20 years. A 

 number of cement "graves"— we could 

 not determine how many — filled with 

 high-level wastes are spread around 

 the area. Several of these graves were 

 reportedly built in the late 1960s near 

 the bay. Residents fear that they may 

 be leaking their contents into the 

 water, or that an earthquake in this 

 active volcanic area may crack the 

 graves and release a catastrophic 

 amount of radiation. 



For the first time, some outside 

 monitoring of the naval facilities had 

 recently begun. The Kamchatka State 

 Environmental Committee began sur- 

 veying the larger area in the fall of 

 1990. In January 1991, a team began to 

 work near the submarine shipyard. So 

 far they have not detected waste leak- 

 ing into the water. However, after 

 receiving a tip, they e.xamined the 

 town dump, where they found a few 



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areas that emitted 4.0OO micro-roent- 

 gens an hour. (The background radia- 

 tion in the area is 7 micro-roentgens.) 

 In one place pollution had spread some 

 200 meters. The committee is working 

 u-ith the nuclear shipyard to "remedy" 

 loose disposal practices. 



Remednng la.\ radiation safety pro- 

 cedures, as well as instituting a general 

 clean-up of the military sites, promises 

 to be a big job. .\s one local leader of the 

 Kamchatka Green .Association noted. 

 "The region has a lot of secrets, and the 

 military worked a long time without 

 regard to the local people." 



The attitudes of the local military 

 commanders will also make dealing 

 with radiation problems an uphill bat- 

 tle. Dismissing concerns about radia- 

 tion e.xposure, .\dmiral Shumanin said, 

 "Look, I've been on submarines for 21 

 years and it hasn't affected me." He 

 added. "X little bit of radiation is good 

 for you — it makes things grow nice and 

 big."B 



Joshua Handler, co-author of En- 

 cyclopedia of the U.S. Military r/PW, 

 IS research coordinator for Green- 

 peace International Suclear Free 

 Seas Campaign. 



HONG KONG (cont.from p. 11) 

 the 1960s Premier Zhou Enlai made 

 certain that scientists and engineers 

 working in China's nuclear weapons 

 and long-range missile programs were 

 insulated from the chaos that overtook 

 the rest of Chinese society. Chinese 

 leaders may put an "out of bounds" sign 

 on political behavior as &r as Daya Bay 

 is concerned. ^ 



Daya Bay is a high-prestige, high- 

 profile project. Guangdong needs 

 power from Daya Bay. along with the 

 additional reactors that may be built in 

 the future. China is caught in the clas- 

 sic dilemma facing less-developed 

 countries — the need to balance eco- 

 nomic growth against environmental 

 protection. China continues to invest a 

 great deal of money, skill and material 

 in its nuclear power program. That 

 alone insures that Daya Bay will soon 

 be generating power. ■ 



Michael C Gallagher is a research 

 associate at the Centre for Asian 

 Pacific Studies, Lingnan College, 

 Hong Kong. 



46 The BuUetio of the Atomic Scientisu 



