IV-176 



without multiplier values. An additional economic value of 

 $10 billion annually in salaries and wages has been estimated 

 for the eleven major ports listed in Table IV. 2. 5. 



These estimates do not show the Impact of commercial navigation 

 on land transportation, shoreline development, or the manufactur- 

 ing industries. Without the deep, safe harbors commercial 

 navigation could not exist on a large scale, and without commercial 

 navigation the great cities around these harbors would not have 

 developed. 



Deep-water harbors are essential elements of the national defense 

 system. Furthermore, the location of these deep-water ports has 

 influenced the location of other defense installations as well as 

 the industrial complexes necessary for the logistical support of 

 the defense effort. 



The cost of the national defense effort in the estuarine zone 

 for 1967 is estimated at about $900 million, exclusive of pay 

 and allowances for shore-based Navy and Marine Corps personnel. 

 The economic impact of national defense activity overlaps into 

 all other estuarine zone uses because of the massive payrolls 

 associated with it. This impact is centered in the areas with 

 major defense installations, as will be shown in the case studies 



