ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. 65 



ditions equipped by the French government, and which yield- 

 ed such rich results to our knowledge of terrestrial magnet- 

 ism — beginning with Freycinet's voyage in the corvette 

 Uranie, 1817-1820 ; and followed by Duperrey in the frig- 

 ate La Coquille, 1822-1825 ; Bougainville in the frigate 

 Thetis, 1824-1826 ; Dumont d'Urville in the Astrolabe, 1826- 

 1829, and to the south pole in the Zelee, 1837-1840 ; Jules 

 De Blosseville to India, 1828 (Herbert, Asiat. Researches, vol. 

 xviii., p. 4 ; Humboldt, Asie Cent., t. iii., p. 468), and to Ice- 

 land, 1833 (Lottin, Voy. de la Recherche, 1836, p. 376-409); 

 Du Petit Thouars with Tessan in the Venus, 1837-1839 ; 

 De Vaillant in the Bonite, 1836-1837 ; the voyage of the 

 " Commission Scientifique du Nord" (Lottin, Bravais, Mar- 

 tins, Siljestrom) to Scandinavia, Lapland, the Faroe Islands, 

 and Spitzbergen in the corvette La Recherche, 1835-1840; 

 Berard to the Gulf of Mexico and North America, 1838 — 

 to the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena, 1842 and 1846 

 (Sabine, in the Phil. Transact, for 1849, pt. ii., p. 175) ; and 

 Francis de Castlenau, Voyage dans les parties Centrales de 

 FAmerique du Sud, 1847-1850. 



1818-1851. The series of important and adventurous ex- 

 peditions in the Arctic Polar Seas through the instrument- 

 ality of the British government, first suggested by the praise- 

 worthy zeal of John Barrow ; Edward Sabine's magnetic 

 and astronomical observations in Sir John Ross's voyage to 

 Davjs' Straits, Baffin's Bay, and Lancaster Sound in 1818, 

 as well as in Parry's voyage in the Hecla and Griper, through 

 Barrow Straits to Melville Island, 1819-1820; Franklin, 

 Richardson, and Back, 1819-1822, and again from 1825- 

 1827 ; Back alone from 1833-1835, when almost the only 

 food that the expedition could obtain for weeks together was 

 a lichen {Gyrophora pustulatd), the " Tripe de Roche" of the 

 Canadian hunters, which has been chemically analyzed by 

 John Stenhouse in the Phil. Transact, for 1849, pt. ii., p. 393 ; 

 Parry's second expedition with Lyon in the Fury and Hecla, 

 1821-1823; Parry's third voyage with James Ross, 1824- 

 1825 ; Parry's fourth voyage, when he attempted, with Lieu- 

 tenants Foster and Crozier, to penetrate northward from 

 Spitzbergen on the ice in 1827, when they reached the lati- 

 tude 82° 45'; John Ross, together with his accomplished 

 nephew James Ross, in a second voyage undertaken at the 

 expense of Felix Booth, and which was rendered the more 

 perilous on account of protracted detention in the ice, name- 

 ly, from 1829 to 1833; Dease and Simpson of the Hudson's 



