TRUE VOLCANOES. 253 



pear, not only ^Etna, but also the districts around Dicsearchia 

 and Naples, and around Baiae and Pithecusa ;" and from 

 this arose the fable that Typhon lay under Sicily, and that, 

 when he turned himself, flames and water burst forth, nay 

 sometimes even small islands with boiling water. " Fre- 

 quently, between Strongyle and Lipara (in this wide dis- 

 trict), flames have been seen bursting forth at the surface of 

 the sea, the fire opening itself a passage out of the cavities in 

 the depths and pressing upward with force." According to 

 Pindar,* the body of Typhon is of such extent that " Sicily 



Katakekaumene. That apes should have lived within historical times 

 upon Ischia, at such a distance from the African coast, is the more 

 improbable, because, as I have already observed elsewhere, the an- 

 cient presence of the apes upon the Rock of Gibraltar does not appear 

 to be proved, since Edrisi (in the 12th century) and other Arabian 

 geographers, who describe the Straits of Hercules in such detail, do 

 not mention them. Pliny also denies the apes of iEnaria, but derives 

 the name of the Pithecusse in a most improbable manner from irtdoc, 

 dolium (ajigllnis doliorum). " It appears to me," says Bockh, " to be 

 the main point in this investigation that Inarima is a name of the 

 Pithecusas, produced by learned interpretation and fiction, just as 

 Corcyra became Scheria; and that iEneas was probably only con- 

 nected with the Pithecusee (iEneas insula) by the Romans, who find 

 their progenitors every where in these regions. Nsevius also testifies 

 to their connection with iEneas in the first book of the Punic War." 

 * Pind., Pyth., i., 31. See Strabo, v., p. 215 and 248, and xiii., 

 p. 627. We have already observed (Cosmos, vol. v., p. 200, that Ty- 

 phon fled from the Caucasus to Lower Italy, as though the myth would 

 indicate that the volcanic eruptions in the latter country were of less 

 antiquity than those upon the Caucasian Isthmus. The consideration 

 of mythical views in popular belief can not be separated either from 

 the geography or the history of volcanoes. The two often reciprocally 

 illustrate each other. That which was regarded upon the surface of 

 the earth as the mightiest of moving forces (Aristotle, Meteorol., ii., 

 8, 3), the wind, the inclosed pneuma, was recognized as the universal 

 cause of vulcanicity (of fire-vomiting mountains and earthquakes). 

 Aristotle's contemplation of nature was founded upon the mutual ac- 

 tion of the external and the internal subterranean air, upon a theory 

 of transpiration, upon differences of heat and cold, moisture and dry- 

 ness (Aristotle, Meteor., ii., 8, 1, 25, 31, and ii., 9, 2). The greater 

 the mass of the wind inclosed "in subterranean and submarine pas- 

 sages," and the more it is obstructed in its natural, essential property 

 of moving far and quickly, the more violent are the eruptions. "Vis 

 fera ventorum, crecis inclusa cavernis" (Ovid, Metamorph., xv., 299). 

 Between the wind and the fire there is a peculiar relation. (To 7r0p 

 urav fieru Trvevfiarog r/, yiverai 0Ao£ Kal (peperai raxeuc; Aristotle, 

 Meteorol., ii., 8, 3. — Kal yap rb ivvp olov irvEv/iaroc tic tyvac ; Theo- 

 phrastus, Be Igne, § 30, p. 715.) The wind (pneuma) suddenly set 

 free from the clouds, sends the consuming and widely luminous light- 

 ning flash (irprjoTTJp). "In the Phlegraea, the Katakekaumene of 

 Lydia," says Strabo (lib. xiii., p. 628), " three chasms, fully forty 



