342 cosmos. 



The volcano Schiwelutsch, 20 miles southeast of Jelowka, 

 respecting which we possess an admirable work by Erman 

 (Reise, bd. iii., s. 261-317 ; and Phys. Beob., bd. i., s. 400-403), 

 previous to whose journey the mountain was almost unknown. 

 Northern peak, lat. 56° 40', height 10,544 feet ; southern peak, 

 lat. 56° 39', height 8703 feet. When Erman ascended the 

 Schiwelutsch in September, 1829, he found it smoking vehe- 

 mently. Great eruptions took place in 1739, and between 

 1790 and 1810; the latter consisting, not of flowing, melted 

 lava, but of ejections of loose volcanic stones. C. von Ditt- 

 mar relates that the northern peak fell in during the night 

 from the 17th to the 18th of February, 1854. At that time 

 an eruption, which still continues, took place, accompanied 

 by genuine streams of lava. 



Tolbatschinskaja Sopka; smoking violently, but in earli- 

 er times frequently changing the openings through which it 

 ejected its ashes. According to Erman, lat. 55° 5V, and 

 height 8313 feet. 



Uschinskaja Sopka ; closely connected with the Kliuts- 

 chewsker volcano ; lat. 56° 0', height 1 1,723 feet (Buch, Can., 

 p. 452 ;' Landgrebe, Volkane, vol. i., p. 375). 



Kliutschewskaja Sopka (56° 4'), the highest and most act- 

 ive of all the volcanoes of the peninsula of Ivamtschatka ; 

 thoroughly examined by Erman, both geologically and hyp- 

 sometrically. According to Kraschenikoff 's report, the Kli- 

 utschewsk had great igneous eruptions from 1727 to 1731, as 

 also in 1767 and 1795. On the 11th of September, 1829, 

 Erman performed the hazardous feat of ascending the volca- 

 no, and was an eye-witness of the ejection of red-hot stones, 

 ashes, and vapor from the summit, while at a great distance 

 below it an immense stream of lava flowed from a fissure on 

 the western declivity. Here, also, the lava is rich in obsidian. 

 According to Erman (Beob., vol. i., p. 400-403 and 419) the 

 geographical latitude of the volcano is 56° 4', and its height 

 in September, 1829, was, on a very accurate calculation, 

 15,763 feet. In August, 1828, on the other hand, Admiral 

 Lutke, on taking angles of altitude at sea, at a distance of 

 160 knots (40 nautical miles), found the summit of Kliuts- 

 chewsk 16,498 feet high (Voyage, t. iii., p. 86; Landgrebe, 

 Vulkane, bd. i., s. 375-386). This measurement, and a com- 

 parison of the admirable outline drawings of Baron von Kit- 

 tlitz, who accompanied Liitke's expedition on board the Se- 

 niaurin, with what Erman himself observed in September, 

 1829, led the latter to the conclusion that, in this short pe- 



