358 cosmos. 



lava poured out of a fissure near the fort of Toluko, and 

 flowed down to the shore,* "partly issuing in the form of a 

 connected and thoroughly molten stream, and partly consist- 

 ing of glowing fragments which rolled down and were forced 

 along the plain by the weight of the succeeding masses." If 

 to the more important volcanic cones here individually men- 

 tioned we add the numerous small island volcanoes which 

 can not be here noticed, the total number of the igneous 

 mountains situated to the southward of the parallel of Cape 

 Serangami, on Mindanao, one of the Philippines, and between 

 the meridians of the northwest Cape of New Guinea on the 

 east, and of the Nicobar and Andaman groups on the west, 

 amounts, as has been already stated, to the large number of 

 109. | This calculation is made in the belief that " on Java 

 forty-five volcanoes, for the most part cone-shaped, and pro- 

 vided with craters, may be counted." Of these, however, only 

 21, and only 42 to 45, of the whole number of 109, are recog- 

 nized as now active, or as having been so at any period with- 

 in the range of history. The mighty Pic of Timor formerly 

 served like Stromboli as a light-house to mariners. On the 

 small island of Pulu Batu (called also P. Komba), a little to 

 the north of Floris, a volcano was seen in 1850 to pour a 

 stream of glowing lava down to the sea-shore. The samo 

 thing was observed in 1812, and again in the spring of 1856, 

 in respect to the Pic on the greater Sangir Island, between 

 Magindanao and Celebes. Junghuhn doubts whether the 

 famous conical mountain of Vavani or Ateti, on Amboina, 

 ejected any thing more than hot mud in 1674, and con- 

 siders the island at present as only a solfatara. The great 

 group of the South Asiatic islands is connected by the divi- 

 sion of the Western Sunda Islands with the Nicobar and 

 Andaman, Isles of the Indian Ocean, and by the division of 

 the Moluccas and Philippines with the Papuas, the Pellew 

 Islands and Carolinas of the South Sea. We shall first, 

 however, proceed with the less numerous and more dispersed 

 groups of the Indian Ocean. 



VII. The Indian Ocean. 



This comprehends the space between the west coast of the 

 peninsula of Malacca, or of the Birman country to the east 

 coast of Africa, thus inclosing in its northern division the 

 Bay of Bengal and the Arabian and Red Seas. We pursue 

 the chain of volcanic activity in the Indian Ocean in the 

 direction from northeast to southwest. 



* Junghuhn's Java, vol. ii., p. S-10-S42. + Ibid., p. 853. 



