BOTANIC MATERIA MEDICA, 143 
and are called Carthagena barks. In appear- 
ance they present a creamy-white or a yellow- 
white corky layer, which is not so prominent or 
persistent in the genuine varieties; when exam- 
ined under the microscope the fibre is coarse 
and in bundles, whilst in the genuine the tex- 
ture is finely fibrous. There is scarcely a man, 
woman or child in any southern climate who has 
not some knowledge of the efficacy of cinchona 
and its alkaloids. In the cure of fever cinchona 
is rarely given in bulk, but in form of infusion, 
wine, tincture, extract, etc. It is febrifuge, 
tonic, astringent and emmenagogue in its effects, 
Extract, fluid extract, tincture and compound 
tincture are officinal; also the alkaloidsand their 
compounds. The dose of the powder is from 5 
to 60 grains; of the extract, 1 to5 grains; of the 
tincture and fluid extract, % to 1 fluid drachm 
(2 to 4 grams); either alone or in combination 
with some other remedy. Most of the alkaloids 
are white, or nearly so, and occur in acicular 
crystals. 
Cinnamomum, Cinnamon, Zeylanicum Cin- 
namomum, or Cinnamomum Zeylancum, or, as 
some have it, the Cassia Cinnamomum.—Natu- 
ral order Lauracee. This evergreen tree is a 
native of China, and attains a height of 20 to 30 
feet; it is found growing many hundred feet 
above the sea level; the leaves are of a shining 
green color, leathery in texture, ovate or ovate- 
oblong in shape (said to vary) with obtuse points. 
Flowers infloresce in panicles; they are green in 
color, with nine fertile stamens, usually in rows 
of three; ovary one-celled, the stigma in form 
of a disk, seed large and filled with oil, There 
