16 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918- 



occurred side by side with others, mostly based on individual characters ; 

 doubtless he had a wonderful eye for these small differences, but he failed 

 entirely to understand that they were merely individual. In some cases his 

 supposed differences seem to have been imagined, and in many cases the labels 

 show that he was not sure about them and altered his opinions from time to 

 time. 



44. Miharia septentrionalis Brehm = Emberiza calandra calandra. 



Miliaria septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Natiinj. Voj. Deutschl. p. 291 (1831 — " Sohwedeu. Riigen ") ; 

 /si«, 1841. p. 56. 57. 



Type: <J ad., Riigen, 19.vii. 1819. Probably collected by Schilling, like 

 most Riigen specimens in the collection. 



There is no Swedish example, so this one from Riigen might be looked 

 upon as the type. In 1841 {I.e.) Brehm mentions also specimens from Brinnis 

 and Mecklenburg; they are in the collection, but were shot after 1831. 



45. Miliaria meridionalis Brehm = Emberiza calandra calandra. 



Miliaria meridionalis Brehm, Hnndb. Xatur;/. To/. Deutschl. p. 1007 (1831 — Dalmatia). 

 Type: <J Dalmatia, Jan. 1824.* 



46. Emberiza antiquorum Brehm = E. hortvlana. 



Emberiza antiquorum Brehm, Handb. Naturij. Voj. Deutschl. p. 297 (1831 — Italy). 



Type : S Italy, spring.f 

 47. Cynchramus septentrionalis Brehm = Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus. 



CyiK.hramus septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. DeiitscM. p. 3U2 (1831 — " Er bewohut das 

 nordliehe Europa, kommt in beiden Geschlechtern regelmiissig nach Danemark, hochst selten 

 nach Mitteldeutschland "). 



Type: cJ ad., Denmark, 20. iv. 1820. 



This is the only specimen from Northern Europe shot before 1831, and 

 therefore it must be the type. It has a rather small bill, as emphasized in 

 the description. 



*48. Cynchramus cai:neti Brehm = Emberiza schoeniclus canneti. 



Cynchramus canneti Brehm, Vvgelfang, p. ll.'i (1835 — Dalmatia). 



Type: "? aestate. Hahnfedrig. Dalmatien, 8. vii. 1829." Probably col- 

 lected by MichaheUes. 



♦ Of Emberiza citrinella a number of specimens must have been lost, before the collection 

 came to Tring. I cannot fix any types, neither one of E. erythrogenys nor of sylvestris^ a name 

 which Gengler (Orn. Jahrb. 1912. pp. 88-92) adopts for the Central European form. The following 

 references must be added to the list of synonyms in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 168 : 



Emberiza longirostris Brehm, Isis, 1842. pp. 753. 764 (Gardens, etc.). 



Emberiza arbuatorum, id. Isis, 1842. pp. 753. 765 (Kamthen, Germany). 



Emberiza crassirostois . id. Isis. 1842. pp. 753. 765 (Renthendorf, etc.). 



Emberiza pratorum, id. lais, 1842. pp. 753. 767 (Brimiis. Renthendorf). 



"I" Under E. caeaia, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 182, Emberiza rnfigidaris Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. 

 Deutachl. p. 1017 (Nachtrage) (1831 — Syria) must be substituted for the quotation Vogelfang, p. U3. 

 1855. 



