NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 91 



and western Turkestan (Djarkent, Tishkan, Issyk Kul), north to Kuldja on 

 the river Ih, in Dsungaria to the southern slopes of the Tian-shan, east to Kobdo. 

 It is a miglity migrant which travels in a south-western direction and ranges 

 in winter to Egypt and Nubia (Shendi, Natron valley), and even to Algeria 

 (Biskra) and the Sahara (Oued Saret, 108 kilometres south of El-Golea^. It 

 occurs also in Greece and Asia Minor, but probably not as a breeder, as Palestine 

 is inhabited by C. h. hrachydactyla. 



I made a great mistake in placing the names Calandrella acutirostris and 

 Calandrella iibetana as s3monyms of C. hrachydactyla longvpennis. As already 

 stated by Seebohm and recently by Bianchi ( Wiss. Res. Przeioalski's Reisen, ii. 

 Vog. 4. Lief, p. 282, 1905), these two forms differ from C. hrachydactyla in the 

 shape of the wing. In C. hrachydactyla the first three primaries form the tip 

 of the wing, while the fourth is considerably shorter ; in C. acutirostris and 

 tiheiana, however, the first four are almost equally long and form the tip of the 

 wing. As, moreover, a form of hrachydactyla and of acutirostris are apparently 

 found together in some places, these two birds are not only not the same as 

 C. h. lo7igipennis , but must be looked upon as another species. 



Calandrella acutirostris acutirostris (C. acutirostris Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, 

 p. 266, 1873, described from a specimen obtained in Karakash valley, 12,672 ft. 

 high, on the northern slopes of the Karakorum) is darker grey, the white wedge 

 on the inner web of the outermost tail-feathers is, as a rule (though not abso- 

 lutely constantly), less extended, and the white outer edge of the second is 

 often narrower, moreover the wings average a little shorter, i.e. 88-92, accord- 

 ing to Bianchi even 84-95 mm. 



Bianchi, probably absent-mindedly following Sharpe, called this bird Calan- 

 drella tihetana acutirostris, but as acutirostris is the older name it must of course 

 be named C. acutirostris acutirostris. 



The range of C. a. acutirostris is the huge mountain stock of the Pamirs, 

 the Karakorum and western Kuen-lun, including East Turkestan and northern 

 Kashmir. Bianchi also records it from the rivers Arys and Chirehik, affluents 

 of the Syr-Darya, and the western Tian-shan, wliile Zarudny considers it to be 

 a rare straggler in Khorasan and the Parapamisian region of Persia ; his collec- 

 tion, as far as it came to Tring, however, contains one male shot at Gulandar, 

 East Persia, on June 28th, 1890. Unless there is an error about the label, this 

 would mean, apparently, a bird breeding in the region. In winter C. a. arutirostris 

 is not rare in the western and middle parts of India. 



Calandrella acutiiostris tibetana Brooks. 



Calandrella tibetana Brooks, Stray Feathers, viii. p. 488 (1880— " Tliibet beyond Sikkim.'" De- 

 scribed from .specimens ol)tained by llandelli's collectors). 



Veiy similar to C. a. acutirostris, but the white wedge on the inner web of the 

 outermost tail-feather more extended, the white outer edge of the second rectrix 

 often wider. Uppersidc paler, more greyish, bill often a little shorter. Wing 

 averages longer, 90-97, according to Bianchi 88-99-5 mm. 



This form is exclusively an inhabitant of the Tibetan highland. It is com- 

 mon near Gyantse and Khamba Jong (over 16,000 ft.) and langes westwards to 

 the eastern Kuen-lun, north to the Russian chain, ^Itjm-Tag and Nian-shan, 



